Material and Energy Balances

1.Purposes
(1)Calculation of mass rate of water vaporization W
(2)Calculation of mass rate of dry air required L
(3)Calculation of mass rate of drying product G2
(4)Calculation of heat duty
(5)Providing basis for selection of blower, calculation
of heat transfer area of preheater and sizes of dryer

2.Expressions of Water(moisture) content of solids

(1)w=mass of water per unit mass of moist solid
[water content on the wet basis]

(2)X= mass of water per unit mass of bone-dry solid

[water content on the dry basis]

[kg water/kg bone-dry solid]

2

(3)Conversion of w and X

[Example]. There are 20kg water in 100kg wet

solids then the water content on the dry basis
X= The water content on the wet basis w=
X=0.25 [kg water/kg bone-dry solid]
w= 20%
Question: What is the meaning of w1-w2, and X1-X2

3.Material balances
[Refer to Figure 5-6(countercurrent dryers) results also apply to
cocurrent dryers.]
Waste Air

Dryer
Heating Air
[moist solids]
Dried Product

Feed
[moist solids]

W= mass rate of water vaporization, kg/s;

L= mass rate of dry air, kg dry air/s
G1=feed mass rate of moist solids, kg moist solids/s;
G2= mass rate of final moist solids(product), kg moist
solids/s;
G=mass rate of bone-dry solids kg/s
4

(1)W(mass rate of water vaporization [kg water/s])

Waste Air

Dryer
Heating Air
W

Dried Product

moist solids

Material balance for water:

(2)L (mass rate of dry air required, kg dry air/s)

[kg dry air/s]

l=Dry air required per

unit water vaporized:

[kg dry air/kg water]

(3)G2(mass rate of moist solids out of dryer, kg moist solids/s)

G
(mass
rate
solids kg/s):

of

bone-dry

4.Heat balances [Refer to Figure5-7]

Cold Air

Hot Air
Waste Air

Dryer

Preheater

Temperature rising under constant humidity

Product

(1)Heat Transfer Rate input

into preheater QP [kW]

Supplementary Heat transfer

rate

Wet Solids

I1, I 2 kJ / kg bone dry solid

1 , 2 feed and final solids

temperaturere respectively
C

QL=heat losses in preheater, kW. [Usually neglected]

7

Heat Transfer Rate input into preheater:

Question: For certain W(water vaporized from moist

solids) and certain H2(air humidity at the dryer exit), when
selecting blower for the drying system, are the atmospheric
conditions determined by summer or winter?

V=volume flow rate of moist air, related with the blower

installation site and is used to determine the blower size.
when selecting blower for the drying system, the
atmospheric conditions must be determined by summer.
9

(2)Supplementary Heat transfer rate QD

Cold Air

Hot Air
Dryer

Preheater

Temperature rising
constant humidity

Waste Air

under

Product

Supplementary
Heat transfer rate

10

Wet Solids

(3)Heat balance for the total drying process

Combining Eqs. (5-30) and (5-31), give
Supplementary

Heat transfer rate QD

Where Q=
Q total heat transfer rate required in drying
Enthalpy of wet solids I:

Enthalpies of feed and final moist solids:

11

=specific heat of bone-dry solids,

12

Approximate method of heat balances (p.257)

13

Substituting into Eq.(5-32) and rearrangement give

From Eq.(5-40), we know that heat is applied to a dryer

to accomplish the following:
1)Heat the dry air Q1 1.01L(t 2 t0 )
2)Heat the wet solids:
Q2 GCm ( 2 1 )
3)Vaporize the water:
Q3 W (2490 1.88t 2 )
4)Heat losses:

Q4 QL
Comparing Eqs. (5-32), (5-40) with Eq.(24.1)[p.777]?
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5.Thermal efficiency of drying process

heat for vaporizing water QV

100%
total heat required for drying Q
QV W (2490 1.88t 2 ) 4.187W1
W (2490 1.88t 2 )

How to increase

Q3

100%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Q1 1.01L(t 2 t0 )
Q2 GCm ( 2 1 )
Q3 W (2490 1.88t 2 )
Q4 QL

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Methods for increasing :

In order to avoid the product humidified again,

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Methods for increasing :

(3)Partial circulation of waste air.
(4)Pay attention to insulation
equipment.

of drying

(5)Others: Selecting advanced drying equipment, or

using combining drying technology.

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6.Air states when passing through the drying

system
(1)Through the preheater
Temperature rising process
under constant humidity
I1 I 0 ,

t w1 t w 2 ,

t d unchanged

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(2)Through the dryer

From Eqs.(5-30) and (5-31),

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1)Drying process under constant enthalpy

B C:
Constant
enthalpy
drying process(ideal drying
process/ideal dryer).
Constant enthalpy line BC is
the operating line of ideal
drying process.

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2)Non-constant enthalpy drying process

a ).If QD 0, QL 0, G ( I 2 I1) 0
[QL 0, I 2 I1] :
L ( I1 I 0 ) L ( I 2 I 0 ) I 1 I 2
Operating line is BC1(Below line
BC, the ideal drying process
operating line)

b).If QD G ( I 2 I1) QL :
L ( I 1 I 0 ) L ( I 2 I 0 ) I1 I 2
Operating line is BC2(Above line BC)
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2)Non-constant enthalpy drying process

Question: If

What will happen?

c). If QD is great enough, and t t1 ,

Constant temperature drying process (line
BC3).

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(3)Determining the air conditions at the dryer exit.

Analytical method: Determining H2 and I2 by using

equations of material and heat balances for drying

process.
Graphical method: Using Humidity Chart of AirWater System (H-I Diagram). Firstly, find operating
line equation from given conditions and using
equations of material and heat balances, then draw
operating line and determine H2 and I2 .
[Examples 5-5, 5-6, 5-7]
Assignments 5-3 5-5
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Hints of [Example 5-5]:

(2)Fresh air is not equal to dry air(vapor-free air)
[kg moist air/h]

(3) V=volume flow rate of moist air, related with the

blower installation site and is used to determine the blower
size.

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Hints of [Example 5-5]:

(4)When determining I1 and I2,
1)Using Humidity Chart (H-I diagram,Figure 5-3), or

(5)When calculating Q=QP+QD:

1)Using Eq.(5-40)(approximate method) or
2)Using Eq.(5-32)

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Hint of [ 5-6]:

Points A, M, B are on the same

straight line. [p.262, 5-6
2]

26

Hints of [ 5-7]:
For solution of complex problem, using the following equations :
(1)Equations
material balances

for

(2) Equations for heat balances

27

(3)Equation for enthalpy calculation

Determine L by Eqs.(a), (b), (c).

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Another solution of [ 5-7] :

Using the approximate equation:
QP QD 1.01L(t 2 t1 ) W (2490 1.88t 2 ) GCm ( 2 1 ) QL
QP L( I1 I 0 )
Cm CS X 1CW
G2
G
,
1 X 2

W G( X 1 X 2 )

Assignments Problems 5-3 5-5

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Problem 5-3. The moist air with a dry-bulb temperature of 20C

and a humidity of 0.009 kg water/kg dry air is heated to 50 C in
the preheater and then sent to a dryer under atmospheric
pressure. The relative humidity of air leaving the dryer is 80%.
If the air keeps constant enthalpy during drying process in the
Hint:
dryer,
calculate
I1 Iof
0 1 m3 original moist air in the
(1)The enthalpy
change
(1)
?
preheating process; v H 0
(2)Water obtained H
by 21
m3H
original
moist air in the dryer.
1
( 2)
?[ H 1 H 0 ]
vH 0
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Problem 5-5. After being preheated to t1=95C, the fresh air

with a dry-bulb temperature of t0=26C and a wet-bulb
temperature of tw0=23C is sent to a continuous and
countercurrent dryer under atmospheric pressure. The
temperature of air leaving the dryer is t2=85C. The initial state
of the wet solids is: temperature 1=25C, water content on the
wet basis w1=1.5%; the final state is: 2=34.5C, water content
on the wet basis w2=0.2%. The feed of wet solids into the dryer
is 9200kg/h. The specific heat of bone-dry 31
solids cs=1.84kJ/(kg
bone-dry solids . C). There is no conveying appliance in the

Key to Problem 5.5:

(1)G2 9080kg drying product / h;

(2) H 0.000555 I 0.093;
(4) Lw 17400kg fresh air / h

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