Electrical Machines

LSEGG216A
9080V

Transformer

Basic of Transformer
A basic transformer consists of two sets of coils
or windings.
Each set of windings is simply an inductor. AC
voltage is applied to one of the windings, called
the primary winding.
The other winding, called the secondary
winding, is positioned in close proximity to the
primary winding,
but is electrically isolated from it.

Transformer
Losses & Efficiency

Objectives
1.

Describe the power losses which occur in a transformer

2.

Describe the tests which allow the power losses of a

transformer to be calculated

3.

Calculate transformer losses and efficiency using test results

4.
5.

Define the all day efficiency of a transformer

Calculate the all day efficiency of a transformer

6.

Describe the relationship between transformer cooling and

rating

Objectives
5.

Calculate the all day efficiency of a transformer

6.

Describe the relationship between transformer

cooling and rating

7.

Describe the methods of cooling

8.

List the properties of transformer oil

9.

Describe the tests conducted on transformer oil

Transformer Ratings
Transformers are rated to supply a given output in

Volt Amps
or

VA
at a specified frequency and terminal voltage.

Transformer Ratings
They are NOT rated in Watts
The load power factor is unknown

S V I

Power S PF
Power
S
PF

Transformer Ratings
They are NOT rated in Watts
The load power factor is unknown

Student Exercise 1

Efficiency
Ratio between Input power and Output
Power
Output Power

Input Power

Input Output Losses

Output Power

Output Power Losses

Input Power Losses

Input Power

Efficiency
Efficiency is normally expressed as a
percentage

Output Power
%
100
Input Power

Power
In

Transformer
Efficiency

Some Power
is used to:

Overcome
Copper
Losses

Overcome
Iron
Losses

Power
Out

Transformer

Losses

Copper Losses
(Cu)

Varies with load current

Produces HEAT
Created by resistance of windings
Short circuit test supplies copper
losses

Short Circuit Test

Copper Losses
Finds Cooper losses at full load
(Cu)
Copper losses vary with the square of the
load
Full load Cu loss = 100
W
Transformer loaded at
50%

Copperloss 0.5 100

2

Copperloss 0.25 100

PCu = 25 W

Cu Losses (W)

Copper Losses (Cu)

% Load

Transformer Losses
Iron Losses
(Fe)
Always present
Fixed

Related to transformers
construction
Eddy Currents
Hysteresis
Reduced by
laminations
Produces HEAT

Reduced by using
special steels in
laminations

Open Circuit Test

Finds Iron Losses
(Fe)
Full
Supply
Voltage

Secondary
Open Circuit

Wattmeter indicates Iron

Losses (Fe)

Sout = 30 kVA

Cu FL= 840 W Fe = 220 W

Calculate %at 75%Load

Output Power
%
100
Output Losses

22.5
%
100
2
22.5 0.75 0.84 0.22

22.5
100
22.5 0.4725
0.22

% = 97%

Sout 0.75 30 22.5

Cu 75% 0.75 840 472.5
2

Losses (W)

Cu
Losses
Fe
Losses

%
% Load
Fe = Cu =Max

Transformer Cooling
Transformer ratings can be increased if their windings are cooled
by some external means
The most common cooling mediums are in direct with transformer
windings;

Air

and/or

Oil

The most common methods of circulation are

Forcedand/or Natur

Transformer
Classification

Transformers are allocated symbols which indicate the type of

cooling used
Can consist of up to 4 letters indicating the cooling system

1st Letter

2nd Letter

The cooling medium in contact

with the windings

Kind of
Medium

Circulation
type

3rd Letter

4th Letter

The cooling medium in contact

with the external cooling
system
Kind of
Medium

Circulation
type

Transformer Classification
Type

AN

Air Natural
Dry Transformer with
Natural Air Flow

Transformer Classification
Type

AF

Air Forced
Dry Transformer with
Forced Air Flow

Transformer Classification

ONAF
Oil Natural Air Forced
Type

Oil Tank Cooling Natural Oil Flow - Forced Air Flow

Transformer Classification
Type

OFAF

Oil Forced Air Forced

Oil Tank Cooling Forced Oil Flow Forced Air Flow

Transformer Oil
Acts as Coolant & Insulator

Low Viscosity

High Flash point

Chemically inert

Good insulator

THE END