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Colligative Properties
Dilute solution containing non-volatile
solutes exhibit the following properties
1.Lowering
2.Evevation
3.Depression
4.Osmotic
pressure
Solutions
Solutions
PA = XAPA
where
NOTE: This is one of those times when you want to make sure you have the
vapor pressure of the solvent.
Mole Fraction (X)
moles of A
XA =
total moles in solution
Solutions
Solutions
Solutions
Solutions
1. barometric method
2. manometric method
Solutions
Barometer method
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Manometer method
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Solutions
Solutions
Boiling point
elevation
When
The
If
AB = AD
AC AE
T1
= P-P1
T1-Tb
P-P2
Solutions
Determination of molecular
mass from elevation of
boiling point
Since P is constant for the same solvent at a
fixed temperature, from (1) we can write
T= P-P1
P
But from Raoults law for dilute solution
P-P1~ wM
P
Wm
Since M(mol mass of solvent) is constant
P-P1~ w
P
Wm
Solutions
T~
wx1
m W
T= Kb x w x 1
m W
Kb constant
Kb=T x Kg-solvent
mol solute
Kb = RTb2
1000 x L
therefore Kb= 0.52 K/Kg
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Solutions
Lanssberger-Walker-Method
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2. Cottrels Method
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Osmotic pressure
Solvent
But
n/V = M and so
PV nRT
Where
MRT
Note:
Osmotic
Beckmanns method
Solutions
Colligative Properties of
Electrolytes
The colligative properties of solution depend
solely on the total number of solute particles
present in solution. The various electrolytes
ionize and yield more than one particle per
formula unit in solutin. Therefore the colligative
effect of an electrolyte solution is always greater
than that of non-electrolyte of the same molal
concentration.
Solutions
Number of undissociated
moleculs = 1-
Number of ions produced = n
Total number of particles = 1-
+ n
Hence,
Solutions
Activity Coefficient
Solutions