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Guided Waves
Transmission Lines
Guided Transmission
Waveguides
Optical Fibres
High Voltage Transmission
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Antenna
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields
06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti
B
Load
V(t)
A
Transmission Line
V(t)
How Do We Go About ?
10
Primary Constants
E
I
l
+ V
E dL
V
l
l
Primary Constants
A
Similarly Conductance can be defined as G
l
Where its conductivity
Primary Constants
Capacitance
The Capacitance between two arbitrary conductors can be
calculated as
Q E dS A
C
V
E dL d
Where is dielectric constant of material and d is the distance
between the conductors
Capacitance does not depend on
the length of the transmission
line, but on cross-section and
distance between the conductors
Outer Conductor
d
Inner Conductor
Dielectric
Primary Constants
Inductance
Likewise Inductance can be defined as
N m N H dS NA
L
I
I
l
H dL
Where N is the number of turns of
the transmission line and is
permeability of the medium
If the number of turns is one
then A becomes the crosssection of the conductor itself
and Inductance then mainly
depends on the length l of the
line
Impedance
What is Impedance?
Impedance (Z) is the measure of the opposition that a circuit
(transmission line) presents to an alternating current when an
alternating voltage is applied.
There are two additional impeding mechanisms to be taken into
account besides the normal resistance of DC circuits: the
induction of voltages in conductors self-induced by the magnetic
fields of currents, and the electrostatic storage of charge induced
by voltages between conductors (capacitance)
Hence Impedance is sum of Resistance &
Reactance of the transmission line
Im
~
What is Reactance ?
Z
X
The resistance offered to ac signal by
~
|
Z
|
inductance and capacitance of a
transmission line is reactance (X)
X L L
XC 1
C
Re
Resistance / Impedance
Transmission Lines Primary Constants
08/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti
~ ~
~ j
In Polar form it can be written as Z Z Z e
~
2
2
1 X
Where Z R X , tan
R
If you want to convert back to rectangular coordinates ?
~
~
R Z cos , X Z sin
If the phase is function of time then t
~ ~
~ jt j ~ jt
Then Z Z Z e e Z s e
Phasor term
Complex Notation
Transmission Lines Primary Constants
08/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti
Z1 Z 2 R1 R2 j X 1 X 2
Subtraction of two complex numbers
Z1 Z 2 R1 R2 j X 1 X 2
Multiplication of two complex numbers
Z1Z 2 R1 R2 1 2
Division of two complex numbers
Z1 R1
1 2
Z 2 R2
Load
Transmission Line
z
R
L
G
L
G
L
G
z
1
+
v(z,t)
z
i(z,t)
+
i(z+z,t)
R z
G z
v(z,t)
Relate
these
primary
l
constants with the given R
A
circuit
L z
C z
i(z,t)
v(z+z,t)
A
G
l
A
d
NA
l
LC
4
i(z,t)
+
i(z+z,t)
R z
G z
v(z,t)
After KVL
L z
C z
Now let us apply Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL) to the circuit below
v(z+z,t)
i ( z , t )
v( z , t ) Rzi ( z , t ) Lz
v( z z , t ) 0
t
Ri ( z , t ) L
i ( z , t )
v( z z , t ) v( z , t )
t
z
v( z , t )
i ( z , t )
Ri ( z , t ) L
z
t
(1)
i ( z , t )
v( z , t )
Gv( z , t ) C
z
t
(2)
i ( z , t ) Rei ( z )e
v( z , t ) Re vs ( z )e jt
j t
R j L i ( z )
dz
di ( z )
G jC v( z )
dz
Substituting one equation in the other, the above two equations will
finally give rise to Phasor Form of Transmission Line Equations
d 2 v( z )
2
v( z )
2
dz
d 2i ( z )
2
i( z )
2
dz
d 2 v( z )
2
v( z )
2
dz
d 2i ( z )
2
i( z )
2
dz
d 2 E( z)
2
E ( z ),
2
dz
d 2 H ( z)
2
H ( z)
2
dz
v( z ) V1e z V2 ez
i ( z ) I1e z I 2 ez
Incident Wave +z
-z Reflected Wave
Secondary Constants
Propagation Constant
Propagation constant is a secondary constant, that can be derived
from the primary constants as
R jL G jC
j
L G C
2
2 2
RG LC
L G C
2
2 2
RG LC
Secondary Constants
Phase Constant
Phase constant can also be written in terms of wavelength
2
Phase Velocity
Phase velocity is defined in terms of Phase constant as,
vp
Wavelength
Wavelength can be found from frequency, as well as phase constant
vp
Secondary Constants
Characteristic Impedance
Consider the T-network as shown below
R jL z
R jL z
1
G jC z
Z0
R jL 2 z 2 R jL z
G jC z
4
As z 0, z2 0, therefore,
Z0
R j L
G jC
Secondary Constants
Z
Z0
Y
ZY
V1
V
Z0 2
I1
I2
Problems
1. A generator of 1 V, 1 kHz supplies power to a 100 km long line
terminated in Z0 and having the following constants
R = 10.4 /km, L = 0.00367 H/km, G = 0.810-6 mho/km
C = 0.0083510-6 F/km
Calculate Z0, attenuation constant , phase constant ,
wavelength and velocity v, received current, voltage and
power.
2. The characteristic impedance of a uniform transmission line is
2039.5 at a frequency of 800 Hz. At this frequency the
propagation constant was found to be 0.054 87.90. Determine
the values of line constants R, L, G and C.
RG0
The propagation constant can now be written as
j LC
Which means that the attenuation constant 0
And phase constant LC
The characteristic impedance becomes Z 0
2
The wavelength is
LC
1
L
C
1
LC
R L, G C
Which means that both conductor and dielectric losses are low
In such a case the propagation constant can be written as
G
R
L C
j LC 1 j
j R
G
j LC 1
2 L C
Where
1 x
1 x 1 x .......
2
1
C
L
G
Where the attenuation constant is R
2
L
C
1 R
GZ 0
Or alternately attenuation constant is
2 Z0
L
The characteristic impedance becomes Z 0
C
LC
Which means that different frequencies have different phase
velocities for a wideband signal
These different frequencies of same wideband signal will arrive
at receiver end at different times resulting in dispersion or
distortion of the original signal, which is undesirable effect.
Hence a distortionless line is a special case of lossy transmission
line, where the phase constant is a linear function of frequency
R G
R
R2
j LC 1 2 j
2 2
L L
R
j LC 1 j
C
R
j LC
L
Where the attenuation constant R
C
is same for all frequencies
L
Problems
Problems
V +I +
V +I +
Transmitted Wave
V-I l
Z=0
v( z ) V e z V ez
i ( z ) I e z I ez
Forward Wave +z
-z Backward Wave
Sources Of Reflection
Plane of Reflection
Mismatched Load Z0 ZL
R
L
G
L
G
L
G
C ZL
Z=-l
Z=0
v(z), i(z)
-l
ZL
Z=0
V j z V j z
i( z )
e
e
Z0
Z0
Here we assume Z0 = ZL
v( z 0) V V
ZL
Z0
i ( z 0) V V
V V
Where we substituted i ( z 0)
Z0
From which we have the amplitude of the reflected wave as
Z Z0
V L
V
Z L Z0
V Z L Z0
V
Z L Z0
We can now re-write the voltage and current equations as
V
i( z )
Z0
Zero Reflection 0
Total Reflection 1
v( z ) V e jz e jz
j z
e j z
V Z L Z0
V
Z L Z0
The voltage/current is varying along the length of the line, and is
decided by not only the magnitude of forward and backward
waves, but also their phase
v( z l ) V 1 e 2 jl
If forward and backward voltage waves have a phase term then their
ratio reflection coefficient will also have a phasor form
v( z l ) V 1 e j 2 l
Where the complex reflection coefficient can be written as
e j
1
e j 2 l 1
2 l 2 or l
e j 2 l 1 2 l
or
Vmax V 1
Vmin V 1
Vmax 1
s
Vmin 1
1 s
Input Impedance
As we have seen that the voltage and current are varying along
the length of the transmission line, the impedance looking into
the line also varies along the length of the line
Zin(z)
v(z), i(z)
ZL
-l
Z=0
j l
j l
v z l V e e
Z in
j l
Z0
j l
i z l V e e
V j l V j l
e
e
Where i ( z l )
Z0
Z0
Input Impedance
Substituting in terms of the characteristic & load impedances
Z in
Z L cos l jZ 0 sin l
Z in Z 0
Z 0 cos l jZ L sin l
Or alernately, input impedance for a lossless line can be written
as
Z L jZ 0 tan l
Z in Z 0
Z 0 jZ L tan l
j l
j l
Z
e
Z
e
L
0
L
0
Z0
j l
j l
Z L Z0 e
L Z0 e
Z L Z 0 tanh l
Z in Z 0
Z 0 Z L tanh l
Transmission Coefficient
Z0
Z1
V +I +
V +I +
Transmitted Wave
l
Z=0
Reflection coefficient is
Z1 Z 0
Z1 Z 0
Transmission coefficient is
2 Z1
T 1
Z1 Z 0
Problems
-l
Z L Z0
1
Z L Z0
From which the standing wave ratio can be calculated as
s
1
VL = 0 ZL = 0
v(z), i(z)
1
1
v ( z ) V e j z e j z
V
i( z )
Z0
j z
e j z
where V V
We can use the trigonometric identities
1 jx
1 jx
jx
sinh jx e e
j sin x cosh jx e e jx cos x
2
2
The voltage and current can be simplified using above identities
v( z ) 2 jV sin z
2
cos z
2
V
i( z)
Z 0
v( z )
2 jV sin z
Z in
i ( z ) 2V cos z
Z 0
Z sc jZ 0 tan l
It can be noted that the input impedance of a short circuited
transmission line is purely imaginary and varies periodically
between -j to +j
A special case exists when l = /4, Zsc = corresponding to an
open circuit.
-l
Z0
Z0
1
1
ZL
ZL
v ( z ) V e j z e j z
V
i( z)
Z0
j z
e j z
1 jx
1 jx
jx
sinh jx e e
j sin x cosh jx e e jx cos x
2
2
The voltage and current can be simplified using above identities
v( z ) 2V cos z
2 jV
i( z )
sin z
Z
0
2V cos z
2
jV
sin z
Z 0
v( z )
Z in
i( z )
Z oc jZ 0 cot l
It can be noted that the input impedance of an open circuited
transmission line is purely imaginary and varies periodically
between -j to +j
A special case exists when l = /2, Zoc = corresponding to an
open circuit.
Z sc jZ 0 tan l
The input impedance of an open-circuited lossless transmission line
can be written at any point z = - l on the line as
Z oc jZ 0 cot l
From which, we can calculate the characteristic impedance as
Z 0 Z sc Z oc
1
v ( z ) V e j z e j z
V
i( z)
Z0
j z
e j z
Pavg
i( z )
1
1V
2
*
* 2 j z
2 j z
Re v( z )i ( z )
Re 1 e
e
2
2 Z0
Pavg
2
V j z
e * e j z
Z0
1V
2
1
2 Z0
Term contributing
to reactive power
v( z ) V e z ez
V
i( z )
Z0
ez
i( z )
V z
e *e z
Z0
V e l
l l e 2l
V e
V
where
V
1
V
V
2 2l
2 2l
*
2l
Pin Re V (l ) I (l )
e e
1 l e
2
2Z 0
2Z 0
3
1
V
2
*
PL Re V (0) I (0)
1
2
2Z 0
Ploss
V
2
2l
e 1 1 e 2l
2Z 0
RL 20 log dB
The ratio of transmitted power to incident power is commonly
referred as insertion loss
IL 20 log T dB
It can be noted that the reflection and transmission coefficients are in
voltage ratios and power will be square of that, therefore, the ratio of
powers can directly be defined as, where P2 is receiving end and P1 is
sending end power
P2
Positive Value is Gain
10 log dB
Negative Value is Loss
P1
When received power is only half of sent power, then in decibel scale
we call it -3dB, and if it is 1/10th , the power ratio is -10dB
Power Measurements
dB or dBW
P
10 log10
or
1W
V
20 log10
1V
Peak Power or Pulse Power P0 or Ppeak is the rate of energy flow in each
pulse
E
Ppeak
T
Average Power Pavg is the rate of energy flow average over one full
period
E
Pavg
T
Duty Cycle is defined as ratio of pulse Duty t Pavg
width to pulse repetition
T
Ppeak
Problems
10. A radio transmitter is connected to an antenna of impedance
80+j40 with a 50 coaxial cable. If the 50 transmitter can
deliver 30 W when connected to a 50 load, how much power
is delivered to the antenna.
11. A lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance 75
and an electrical length l=0.3 is terminated with a load
impedance of 30 - j20 . Find the reflection coefficient at the
load, the SWR on the line, the reflection coefficient at the input
of the line and the input impedance of the line.
12. A lossless transmission line is terminated with a 100 load. If
the SWR on the line is 1.5, find the two possible values for the
characteristic impedance of the line
1
Problems
I+,I in phase
Imax
Vmax
Imin
Vmin
Z = -l
/2
/4
Z=0
V+,Vin
phase
Vmax
Imax
Vmin
Imin
Z = -l
/2
/4
Z=0
Vmax
If ZL = RL < Z0
Z0
Vmin
Z = -l
Z=0
Z0
ZL
Vmin
Z = -l
4
Z=0
2 d max 2n d max
2 n
Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ..
n=2
n=1
n=0
ZL
/2
ZL
n=1
n=2
/2
6
(2n 1)
n=0
v(z)
Z0
ZL
Zin
-l
Z=0
v(z)
Zin
-l
Zin v(z)
2
Z in
v( z l ) Vg
Z in Z g
Zg
Vg
Z0
v( z l ) V0 e jl L e jl
(1)
(2)
Z in
1
Vg
Z in Z g e jl L e jl
V0
Z in Z 0
1 e
1 e
L
V0
3
Z in
Vg
V0 e jl L e jl
Z in Z g
2 j l
2 j l
Z 0 1 L e 2 jl
e j l
Vg
Z 0 1 L e 2 jl Z g 1 L e 2 jl 1 L e 2 jl
V0
Z 0 e j l
Vg
Z 0 Z g Z 0 Z g L e 2 jl
Z g Z0
V0 Vg
Z 0 e j l
(Z g Z 0 )
Z0 Z g 1
L e
(Z 0 Z g )
V0
Z g Z0
2 j l
Z 0 e j l
Vg
( Z 0 Z g )(1 g L e 2 jl )
Pavg
1
Rev( z )i ( z )*
2
v( z ) V0 e jz L e jz
Pavg
1
1
1
2
*
Re v( z )i ( z ) v( z ) Re
2
2
Z in
1
Vg
2
Z in
Z in Z g
1
Re
Z
in
Pavg
1
Vg
2
Rin X in
1
( Rin Rg ) 2 ( X in X g ) 2 Rin
Matched Load
Generator & Load Mismatch I
13/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti
ZL
v(z)
Zin
-l
Z=0
1
P Vg
2
1
Z0
Z0
( Z 0 Rg ) 2 ( X g ) 2
Matched Generator
Generator & Load Mismatch I
13/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti
v(z)
Vg
Zin
-l
Z=0
1
P Vg
2
2
Z0
Rg
2
4( Rg X g )
ZL
Conjugate Matching
Z L jZ 0 tan l
Z in Z 0
Rin jX in
Z 0 jZ L tan l
After the input impedance is matched to the generator, we can use
a suitable impedance transformer to match the load
(1) Transform the impedance at the input terminals of the line
into a real value. (2) Do the same for the load end. (3) Scale up or
down the real impedance to the level of Z0
Conjugate Matching
Generator & Load Mismatch I
13/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti
1
P Vg
2
Rin X in
1
( Rin Rg ) 2 ( X in X g ) 2 Rin
P
2
2
0 Rg Rin ( X in X g ) 2 0
Rin
(1)
P
0 X in ( X in X g ) 0
X in
(2)
Conjugate Matching
Generator & Load Mismatch I
13/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti
Rin Rg
X in X g
Alternately we can write the above as
Z in Z g
1
P Vg
2
1
4 Rg
Problems
Series Resonator
L
I
Zin
1
The input impedance can be written as Z in R jL j
C
1
1
At resonance X L X C L
C
LC
Input impedance at resonance is Z in R
Series Resonator
0
1
Z in R jL 1 2
R jL
2
LC
Series Resonator
2 0 2 0 0 (2 ) 2
The input impedance then becomes
Z in R j 2 L
Q0 0
Ploss
1
2
We C V
4
2Wm 0 L
1
At resonance Wm = We Q0 0
Ploss
R
0 RC
Where, Wm
1
LI
4
2 RQ0
Input Impedance becomes Z in R j
0
Series Resonator
Parallel Resonator
Vg
Zin
1
1
The input impedance is Z in
jC
R j L
1
1
At resonance X L X C L
C
LC
Input impedance at resonance is Z in R
Parallel Resonator
If we define quality factor as the ability of the circuit to store
energy,
Wm We
Q0 0
1 2 1
Where, Wm V
4
2L
1
We C V
4
Ploss
1V
2 R
2Wm
R
0 RC
At resonance Wm = We Q0 0
Ploss 0 L
Input Impedance becomes
When R
Ploss
R
Z in
1 2 jRC
1
Z in
2 jC 0
Parallel Resonator
Z0, ,
-l
ZL = 0
tanh x tanh y
Let us use the trigonometric identity tanh( x y )
1 tanh x tanh y
Where x l , y j l and tanh(iy ) j tan y
tanh l j tan l
(2)
Z in Z 0
1 j tan l tanh l
It can be seen that for = 0, we have the input impedance for a shortcircuited lossless line Zsc = j Z0 tanl
For all practical applications, we require a lossless or a low-loss line,
hence we assume l << 1, then tanh l l
If we let = 0 + , where << 1, then for a TEM line, we have
l 0l l
l
vp
vp
vp
0l
At resonance = 0 & l = /2, we get l
vp
Therefore at = 0 + ,
0l l 0l
1
vp
vp
vp
0
0
Then we can write
tan l tan
tan
0
0
0
0
0
0
l j
Z in Z 0
Z 0 l
l
1 j
<< 1
Z in R 2 jL
Z 0
Inductance of the equivalent circuit as L
20
From the equation 0
equivalent circuit as
1
we can write the capacitance of the
LC
C
4
0 L
2
-l
0 L
The unloaded Q of the resonator is Q0
, substituting the
R
previous L & R values, we get
Q0
2
Z in Z 0 tanh l Z 0 tanh j l
tanh l j tan l
Z in Z 0
1 j tan l tanh l
Multiplying the numerator and denominator with j cot l
1 j tanh l cot l
Z in Z 0
tanh l j cot l
(3)
Therefore at = 0 + ,
0l l 0l
l
1
vp
vp
vp
0
2
20
Then we can write
cot l cot
20
2
tan
20
20
0
0
20
<< 1
1 jl
20
Z0
Z in Z 0
l j 2
l j 2
0
0
Z in
1 2 jRC
Z0
We can write resistance of the equivalent circuit as R
l
0 2C
Q0
2
Therefore a short circuited transmission line acts as a parallel
resonant circuit at a lengths of l = (2n-1) /4, where n = 1, 2, 3...
10
Z0, ,
-l
Z in Z 0 coth l Z 0 coth j l
1 j tan l tanh l
(4)
Z in Z 0
tanh l j tan l
11
0l l 0l
1
vp
vp
vp
0
0
Then we can write
tan l tan
tan
0
0
0
tanh l l
Z in
Z0
l j
0
12
Z in
1 2 jRC
Z0
We can write resistance of the equivalent circuit as R
l
0 C
2
13
Q0
2
V
n=1
-l
n=2
0
14
-l
0
-l
0
Z
15
-l
-l
0
Z
Z R jX
Since, we tune all networks to match characteristic impedance, it is
convenient to normalize impedances with characteristic impedance
Z
Z
R jX
Z0
Normalized
Impedance
Normalized
Resistance
Normalized
Reactance
jX
Passive load
Inductive
load
jX
R
Capacitive
load
jv
| | = 1 circle
Z Z0 Z 1
Z Z0 Z 1
R jX 1
u jv
R jX 1
||
Smith Chart
Smith Chart gives the graphical approach of analyzing
transmission line parameters
This approach does not give voltage and current solutions, it gives
impedance characteristics, VSWR, reflection coefficient, location of
voltage minima and maxima etc
It transforms complex impedance (Z- Plane) into complex reflection ( Plane)
Just as we wrote reflection coeff. in terms of normalized impedance
Z Z0 Z 1
Z Z0 Z 1
We can also write complex impedance in terms of reflection coeff.
1
Z
1
Smith Chart
Smith Chart - Introduction
20/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti
1 u jv (1)
R jX
1 u jv
If we rationalize the above equation and separate the real and
imaginary parts
Comparing real parts we get
R
R 1
u
u v 2
0
R 1
R 1
2
(2)
R
Its center is
,0
R 1
1
R 1
R
,0
R 1
Its center is
1
R 1
jv
R 0
R 1
R 2
R
1
2
u v 2u
v 1 0 (3)
X
2
jv
1
Its center is 1,
X
X 1
X 2
1
and its radius
X
X 0
R 0 Circle
u
X 2
X 1
Smith Chart
jv
For passive loads, all impedances will lie within || = 1 circle, therefore
we neglect reactances that fall outside this circle.
jv
R 0, X 0
Short Circuit
R 0, X 1
Inductive Reactance
R , X
Open Circuit
u
R 1, X 0
Resistive Load
R 0, X 1
Capacitive Reactance
Y G jB
It maybe convenient to use admittances when using shunt elements,
therefore we normalize admittances with characteristic admittance
Y
Y G jB
Y0
Normalized
Admittance
Normalized
Conductance
Normalized
Susceptance
jB
Passive load
Capacitive
load
jB
G
Inductive
load
Z Z0 Z 1
Z Z0 Z 1
Normalized Reflection Coeff.
jv
Y0 Y 1 Y
Y 1 j
e
Y0 Y 1 Y
Y 1
| | = 1 circle
||
||
1
jv
jv
G , B
Short Circuit
G 0, B 1
Capacitive Susceptance
G 0, B 0
Open Circuit
u
G 1, B 0
Conductive Load
G 0, B 1
Inductive Susceptance
jv
e j
The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) can be written in terms of
the reflection coefficient as
VSWR(s )
jv
| | = 0.5 circle, s = 3
1
| | = 1 circle, s =
| | = 0 circle, s = 1
(l ) L e
2 j l
L e e
2 jl
L e
j ( 2 l )
So, the magnitude of the reflection |L| remains constant whereas, the
phase changes by an amount ( - 2l)
The phase ( - 2l) is more
negative, if we are increasing l, or
in other words, if we are moving
towards generator
jv
||
| | = 1 circle
To Load
2l
To Generator
ZL
R jX
Step 1 : Z
Z0
jv
R jX
jv
ZL
R jX
Step 1 : Z L
Z0
jv
R jX
2 2 l l
jv
ZL
2l
u
Z in
Z in
1 e e
1 e 2 jl
Z Z0
Z0
2 j l
1 e
1 e j e 2 jl
Z max Z 0
1
1
& Z min Z 0
1
1
1
1
Z max Z 0 s
Z min
1
Z0
s
ZL
R jX
Step 1 : Z L
Z0
ZL
1/s
jv
s
u
Const. VSWR
Circle
Z
alternately Z min
Vmin
I max
Vmin , Imax
Const. VSWR
Circle
ZL
Step 1 : Z L
R jX
Z0
Step 2 : Plot R & X on complex - Plane
jv
ZL
V
V
Z max max
I
I min
2 lmax
u
Vmax , Imin
lmax
Problems
16. A load of 100 + j 150 is connected to a 75 lossless line.
Find using Smith chart (i) (ii) s (iii) The load admittance YL
(iv) Zin at 0.4 from the load (v) location of Vmax and Vmin w.r.t.
load if the line is 0.6 long (vi) Zin at the generator
17. Calculate the time averaged power delivered to the load in the
given circuit
i(z)
Z0 = 50
Zg = 50
Vg = 100 V
1
ZL = 40 + j 30
vin
Vp = 200 m/s
f = 26 MHz
Zin
-l
4.808 m
Z=0