Designing

qualitative
research and
Data Collection
Prepared for:
Dr. Mardzelah binti Makhsin
Prepared by:
Sri fatihah binti mahmud
(816986)

BOOK 1 (QUALITATIVE METHODS)

According to Richards and Morse (2013), research design is created
by researcher, is model (rather than dictated) by the method, and is
responsive and the participants.
Creating RD involve seeing the project at different levels.
The level of design :
1. Planning design where to start, what the scope of project.
2. Doing design establishing design, thinking ahead.
3. Designing for validity general rule guide
4. Project pacing conceptualizing stage, analysis.
(Richards & Morse, pp 88-98, 2013)

BOOK 2 (QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

FOR SOFTWARE USERS)
Design in qualitative research
1. Research topic identifying the topic, researcher need to
examine their motivation or purpose for exploring the topic.
Including personal, political, intellectual and practical reason
for the choice behind the subject area.
2. Research question having identified the topic and the
purpose and motivation behind the chosen area, the researcher
needs to decide on the research question they wish to explore

Continue.
3. Data collection decision need to be made as to what kind of dataprimary, secondary or tertiary- whether quantitative as well as
qualitative data- will be relevant to answer the research question.
4. Data handling and analysis researcher also need to think ahead of
how they will handle and analyze the data.

(Gregovia & Davidson,pp. 16-22, 2008)

Qualitative research design and the technology of

tradition
Topic typically examined in texts on qualitative research design
include :
Identifying a question for inquiry.
Formulating the research question and objectives.
Choosing a research strategy.
Identifying the site and participants.
Determining what kind of data can be collected.

Continue
Working through the potential ethical question.
Determining how the data will be organized, managed and analysed.
Considering how the research plan support validity.
Locating oneself as a researcher.

(Gregovia & Davidson,p. 12, 2008)

DESIGN FRAMEWORK
Step 1 : review the research protocol
Step 2 : The unit of analysis, the unit observation and attribute
variables
Step 3: The types of data collected
Step 4: Setting up the analytical files

Step 1 : Review the research protocol

In this method section is the information on the structure of the research
which will need to review when setting up a project in software package.
The element include :
The units of analysis
The units of observation
The attribute variables
Conceptual framework
Types of data collected
Sequence of data collection
The time frame.

Step 2 : The unit of analysis, the unit observation and attribute variables

The units of analysis can be :

Individuals
Grouping of individuals
Organizations
Departments within organizations
Programmes
Events

Step 3: The types of data collected

1. Primary data
.Interview transcript
.Responses to open-ended survey questions
.Focus group transcript
.Observation/field notes
.Diaries

2.

Secondary data
Newspaper/magazine articles
Professional record
Company annual reports
Minutes of meetings
The literature on a subject
Correspondence
Government reports
3. Tertiary data
Published research reports
Summarized tables of data
Any data that has already been manipulated in some way.

Step 4: Setting up the analytical files

The analytical files or codes in a qualitative study usually but not

always develop in an emergent way over the life of the project.
There are exceptions because studies which are based on earlier
work can simply import the analytical filling system that was used
before.
Different package have different ways of organizing the
analytical files.
(Gregovia & Davidson,pp. 28-31, 2008)

RESEARCH DESIGN
Important question to consider are :
Are units of analysis and their attributes properly established?
How has the data collected been organized?
Does the organization of these features make best use of the
function of the software in which the E-project is housed?

Interpretive system
Refer to the analytic files or coding system established within
the E-project.
The critical themes and designation of units of meaning should
jump out at the reader making it immediately clear what the
important ideas are that have emerged for the researcher.

Iterative process
Refer to the ways the researchers builds the deepest levels
of meaning related to the experience of research and the
materials representing that experience.
Every E-project should contain documentation that performs
the function of the following memos :
Coding
Methodology
Subjectively/role
Access/ethics.
(Gregovia & Davidson,pp. 51-53, 2008)

BOOK 3 (QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN)

5 components of interactive approach in research design
1. Goals what study doing?, what issues want to clarify?
2. Conceptual frameworks what do you think is going on with the
issues?
3. Research question what specifically do you want to better
understand about the setting or participants.
4. Methods what will you actually do in conducting this study?
5. Validity how might your result and conclusion be wrong?
(Maxwell,pp. 3 - 4, 2013)

(Maxwell,p. 5, 2013)

(Maxwell,p. 6, 2013)

BOOK 4 ( RESEARCH DESIGN QUALITATIVE,

QUANTIATATIVE AND MIXED METHODS )
Qualitative research design :
1. Narrative research
. is a design of inquiry from humanities in which the researcher studies the
lines of individual and asks one or more individuals to provide stories about
their lives.
2. Phenomenological research
.Is a design of inquiry coming from philosophy and psychology in which the
researcher describes the lived experiences of individuals about a phenomena
as described by participants.

3. Grounded theory
is a design of inquiry from sociology in which researcher derives a
general, abstract theory of a process, action or interaction
grounded in the views of participants.
4. Ethnography
Is a design of inquiry coming from anthropology and sociology in
which the researcher studies the shared patterns on behaviors,
language and action.
5. Case studies
Are a design of inquiry found in many fields especially evaluation in
which the researcher develops an in-depth analysis of a case, often
a program, event, activity, process or one or more individuals.
(Creswell,pp. 13 - 14, 2014)

BOOK 5 (DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS)

1. Observational research
2. Interview
3. Questionnaire

(Sapsford & Jupp, PP.60 - 64 , 2006).

Approaches of observational research

1. More structured observation
.Also call as systematic observation
.The purpose is to produce the accurate and objective

measurement of observable human behavior

.Example : to record aspects of teacher-pupil interaction in
classrooms.
2. Less structured observation
.The aims to produce detailed, qualitative descriptions of human
behavior that illuminates social meanings and shared culture.
.Is characterized by flexibility and a minimum of prestructuring.

Interview
Technique of interviews :
1. Face-to-face interviews employing an interview schedule
2. The telephone interviews
3. Face-to-face interviews in a free format
. As interviewers should have training or experiences, are
encouraged to adopt a positive tone of voice and to smile or nod
as a way of encouraging the respondent

Questionnaire
Both closed and open-ended questions may be used in
questionnaires.
Different sorts of bias may arise in the use of self-completed
questionnaires
Example of questionnaire by online are survey monkey and survey
planet apps.
A good questionnaire designer will also think carefully about
what is essential to ask as well as the order in which to ask
questions.

REFERENCES
1. Creswell, J. W, (2014). Research design qualitative,
quantitative and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA:
SAGE publication LTD
2. Gregovia, S. D., & Davidson, J., (2008).Qualitative Research
Design for software user. Berkshire, England: The McGraw-Hill
companies.
3. Maxwell, J.A., (2013), Qualitative research designaninteractive approach. USA: SAGE publication LTD

Continue
4. Sapsford, R., & Jupp, V., (2006).Data collection and Analysis
(2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publication Ltd.
5. Richards , L., & Morse , J.M., (2013). Qualitative methods
(3rd). US : America