01-Wcdma Ran Overview

WCDMA RAN
Overview
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the development of 3G
Outline the advantage of CDMA principle
Characterize code sequence
Outline the fundamentals of RAN
Describe feature of wireless propagation
Page3
Contents
1.
3G Overview
2.
CDMA Principle
3.
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol

structure
4.
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Page4
Different Service, Different

Technology
2G 1990s
Digital
1G 1980s
Analog
AMPS
TACS
NMT
Others
GSM
Technologies
drive
CDMA
IS-95
3G
IMT-2000
UMTS
WCDMA
Demands
drive
TDMA
IS-136
cdma
2000
TDSCDMA
PDC
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

Page5
3G Evolution
Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile

communication system
The third generation mobile communication was first

proposed in 1985 and was renamed as IMT-2000 in
the year of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000
Work band : around 2000MHz
The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
Page7
3G Spectrum Allocation
Page8
Bands WCDMA Used
Main bands
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
Supplementary bands: different country maybe

different
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
...
Frequency channel number central frequency5, for

main band:
UL frequency channel number 9612 9888
DL frequency channel number : 10562 10838
Page9
3G Application Service
Error
Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
Page10
The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA
cdma2000
CN: based on ANSI 41 and
MIP
RTT: cdma2000
CDMA
TD-SCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: TD-SCDMA
Page11
Contents
1.
3G Overview
2.
CDMA Principle
3.

structure
4.
Page12
Multiple Access and Duplex

Technology
Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Page13
Multiple Access Technology

FDMA
TDMA
Power
y
nc
e
u
eq
Fr
Tim
e
CDMA
Power
Tim
e
Power
Time
n cy
Freque
Page14
y
nc
e
qu
Fre
Multiple Access and Duplex

Technology
Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Time division duplex (TDD)
Page15
Duplex Technology
Power
Time
USER 2
FDD
USER 1
UL
DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL
UL
DL
TDD
DL
USER 2
USER 1
UL
Frequency
Page16
Contents
1.
3G Overview
2.
CDMA Principle
3.

structure
4.
Page17
WCDMA Network Architecture

Core Network
CN
CS
PS
Iu-CS
CS
Iu-PS
Iu-CS
RNS
Iu-PS
RNS
Iur
RNC
UTRAN
PS
Iub
Node B
RNC
Iub
Iub
Node B
Node B
Uu
UE
Page18
Iub
Node B
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
GSM/GPRS CN
WCDMA RTT
3GPP Rel99
2000
CS domain change to
NGN
WCDMA RTT
MBMS
HSUPA
IMS
HSDPA
3GPP Rel6
3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
2001
2005
2002
Page19
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
Features of R6
MBMS is introduced
HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
Features of R7
HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO
Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
Features of R8
HSPA+ PhaseII is introduced, which adopts 64QAM+MIMO or

64QAM+DC in downlink (Defined by 3GPP 25.XXX)
LTE is introduced which adopts OFDMA instead of CDMA (Defined by

3GPP 36.XXX)
Max DL rate: 100Mbps, Max UL rate: 50Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)
Page20
Uu Interface protocol structure

GC
Nt
DC
Duplication avoidance
GC
Nt
DC
U-plane information
control
control
RRC
control
control
control
C-plane signaling
L3
PDCPPDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
UuS boundary
RLC
RLC
RLC
L2/PDCP
RLC
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
L2/RLC
L2/MAC
MAC
PHY
L1
Page21
Contents
1.
3G Overview
2.
CDMA Principle
3.

structure
4.
Page22
Processing Procedure of WCDMA

System
Servic
e
Signal
Servic
e
Signal
Sourc
e
Codin
g
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
bit
symbo
l
Spreading
chip
Source Channel Decoding

Decodin & Deinterleaving Despreadi
ng
g
Modulation
modulated
signal
Demodulati
on
Receiver
Page23
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)

Speech
Bit Rate
(kbps)
A integrated speech codec with 8

source rates
AMR_12.2
0
EFR)
The AMR bit rates can be controlled

by the RAN depending on the system
load and quality of the speech
connections
AMR_10.2
10.2
Video Phone Service
CODEC
12.2 (GSM
0
AMR_7.95
7.95
AMR_7.40
7.4 (TDMA
EFR)
AMR_6.70
6.7 (PDC EFR)
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS

domain
AMR_5.90
5.9
AMR_5.15
5.15
Includes: video codec, speech codec,

data protocols, multiplexing and etc.
AMR_4.75
4.75
Page24

System
Transmitter
Servic
e
Signal
Servic
e
Signal
Sourc
e
Codin
g
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
bit
symbo
l
Spreading
chip

ng
g
Modulation
modulated
signal
Demodulati
on
Receiver
Page25
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
WCDMA Block Coding - CRC
Block coding is used to detect if there are any

uncorrected errors left after error correction.
The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common

method of block coding.
Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel

encoding and they are checked after the channel
decoding.
Page26
WCDMA Channel Coding
Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal

when interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of

the delay
Types
No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)

Code Block
of N Bits
No Coding
Uncoded N bits
1/2 Convolutional
Coding
Coded 2N+16 bits
1/3 Convolutional
Coding
Coded 3N+24 bits
1/3 Turbo Coding
Coded 3N+12 bits
Page27
WCDMA Interleaving
Effect
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits
0010000 ... 10
111
Intercolumn
permutatio
n
0
0
...
...
0
0
0
...
...
1
1
0
...
...
1
0
...
...
1
1
0
0
...
...
0
0
0
...
...
1
1
0
...
...
1
0
...
...
1
1
Interleaving periods:
20, 40, or 80 ms
0001010010
11
Page28
Output
bits

System
Servic
e
Signal
Servic
e
Signal
Sourc
e
Codin
g
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
bit
symbo
l
Spreading
chip

ng
g
Modulation
modulated
signal
Demodulati
on
Receiver
Page29
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary

signals.
Identical and Orthogonal signals:
C1
C2
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
C1
+1
-1
C2
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 1
+1
+1
Correlation = 1
Identical signals
1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1
Correlation = 0
1 1 1 1 Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1
-1
Page30
Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding

UE1:
UE1:
11
11
UE2:
UE2:
11
11
CC11::
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
CC22::
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
UE1c1
UE1c1
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
UE2c2
UE2c2
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
Page31
Orthogonal Code Usage Decoding

UE1C
UE1C11
UE2C
UE2C22::
00
22 00
UE1
UE1Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc1:
c1:
11
11
Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result:
00
22 00
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment:
(means
(means
1)
1)
22
00
22
00
22
11
11
11
11
11
11
22
00
22
00
22
44(means
(means
1)
1)
44
UE2
UE2Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc2:
c2:
11
11
11
11
11
11
12008
11 Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
1
Huawei
Copyright
Page32
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading &

Dispreading
P(f)
Spreading code
P(f)
f
Narrowband signal
P(f)
Broadband signal
f
Noise & Other Signal
Recovered signal
Signal
Combination
P(f)
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Spreading code
Page33
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading &

Dispreading
Eb / No = Ec / No PG
Powe
r
Ebit
Eb/No
Requirem
ent
Max allowed
interference
Processing Gain
Interference
from other UE
Echip
Page34
Max interference
caused by UE and
others
Process Gain
Process Gain
chip rate
Pr ocess Gain 10 log(
)
bit rate
Process gain differs for each service.
If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is

smaller, UE needs more power for this service, then the
coverage of this service will be smaller, vice versa.
Page35
Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps:
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols

into chips
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data
symbol
Chips after
spreading
channelization
scrambling
Page36
WCDMA Channelization Code
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used

as channelization code
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1, -1)

Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
Page37
WCDMA Channelization Code
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code
Low data rates high SF code

Radio bearer
SF
Radio bearer
SF
Speech 12.2 UL
64
Speech 12.2 DL
128
Data 64 kbps UL
16
Data 64 kbps DL
32
Data 128 kbps UL
Data 128 kbps DL
16
Data 144 kbps UL
Data 144 kbps DL
16
Data 384 kbps UL
Data 384 kbps DL
Page38
Purpose of Channelization Code
Channelization code is used to distinguish different

physical channels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used

to separate different physical channels of one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to

separate different physical channels of one UE
Page39
Purpose of Scrambling Code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different

transmitters
For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate

different cells in one carrier
For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate

different UEs in one carrier
Page40
Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used
for scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling
codes are assigned by RNC.
For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.
Page41
Primary Scrambling Code Group

Primary
scrambling
code 0
Primary
scrambling
code 1
Group 0
Group 1
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Primary
scrambling
code 7
Primary
scrambling
code 8*63
Group
63
512
primary
scrambling
codes
64 primary
scrambling
code groups
Primary
scrambling
code 8*63 +7
Each group consists of

8 primary scrambling
codes
Page42
Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code
NodeB
Channelization code 1
User 1 signal
User 2 signal
User 3 signal
Page43
Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1
Channelization code
User 1 signal
Scrambling code 2
Channelization code
NodeB
User 2 signal
Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal
Page44

System
Servic
e
Signal
Servic
e
Signal
Sourc
e
Codin
g
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
bit
symbo
l
Spreading
chip

ng
g
Modulation
modulated
signal
Demodulati
on
Receiver
Page45
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input
0
time
Basic steady radio

wave:
carrier = A.cos(2Ft+)
Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2Ft+)
Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2 Ft+)
Phase Shift Keying:
A.cos(2Ft+ )
Page46
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - BPSK

1
10
Information
signal
t
NRZ coding
Digital Input
-1
High Frequency
Carrier
Carrier
BPSK Waveform
10
=0 = =0
fo
Modulated
Page47
BPSK
signal
BPSK
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - QPSK

NRZ Input
-1
5
1
-1
7
1
9
-1
10
-1
I di-Bit Stream
-1
-1
-1
Q di-Bit Stream
-1
-1
-1
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1
8
Page48
10
Demodulation
QPSK Constellation Diagram

1
1,-1
-1,-1
-1
-1
10
QPSK Waveform
1,1
NRZ Output
-1,1
-1,1
-1
-1
Page49
-1
WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to

different transmitting abilities in air interface
R99/R4: QPSK
HSDPA: QPSK or 16QAM
Page50

System
Transmitter
Servic
e
Signal
Servic
e
Signal
Sourc
e
Codin
g
Chann
el
Coding
bit
symbo
l
Source
Decodin
g
Channel
Decodin
g
Spreading
chip
Despreadi
ng
Modulation
modulated
signal
Demodulati
on
Receiver
Page51
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
Wireless Propagation
Transmitted
Signal
Amplitude
Transmission Loss:
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received
Signal
Time
Page52
dB
dBm
Propagation of Radio Signal

Signal at Transmitter
2
0
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
Signal at Receiver
Fading
-40
Page53
Fading Categories
Fading Categories
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
Page54
Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated

signals for combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
Page55
Diversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth

frequency spectrum
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
Page56
Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Combiner
Receive set
The
combined
signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay
and signal
strength
Searcher
correlator
s(t)
s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance

the receive performance of the system
Page57
Summary
In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of

WCDMA:
Spreading / Despreading principle
UTRAN Voice Coding
UTRAN Channel Coding
UTRAN Spreading Code
UTRAN Scrambling Code
UTRAN Modulation
UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
Page58
Thank you
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WCDMA RAN

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe the development of 3G

Outline the advantage of CDMA principle

Characterize code sequence

Outline the fundamentals of RAN

Describe feature of wireless propagation

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol

WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Different Service, Different

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile

The third generation mobile communication was first

Commercialization: around the year of 2000

Work band : around 2000MHz

The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bands WCDMA Used

1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz

Supplementary bands: different country maybe

1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)

1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)

890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)

Frequency channel number central frequency5, for

UL frequency channel number 9612 9888

DL frequency channel number : 10562 10838

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol

WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access and Duplex

Multiple Access Technology

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access Technology

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access and Duplex

Frequency division duplex (FDD)

Time division duplex (TDD)

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol

WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Network Architecture

WCDMA Network Version Evolution

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Network Version Evolution

HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps

HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO

Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps

HSPA+ PhaseII is introduced, which adopts 64QAM+MIMO or

LTE is introduced which adopts OFDMA instead of CDMA (Defined by

Max DL rate: 100Mbps, Max UL rate: 50Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Uu Interface protocol structure