SEL-SEL IMUNOKOMPETEN

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Pengantar
Imunologi adalah ilmu yang
mempelajari tentang imunitas atau
kekebalan akibat adanya rangsangan
molekul asing dari luar maupun dari
dalam tubuh hewan atau manusia,
baik yang bersifat infeksius maupun
non infeksius.

Imunitas : Daya tahan tubuh untuk melawan

penyakit
melawan infeksi.
Semua sel dan molekul yang terlibat dalam
imunitas tubuh, merupakan suatu kesatuan
fungsional disebut :
sistem imun.
Tanggap (respon) terhadap substansi asing yang
masuk ke dalam tubuh, secara kolektif disebut
respon imun .
Definisi spesifik :
Imunitas adalah reaksi untuk melawan substansi
asing yang masuk ke dalam tubuh seperti

Defenisi
Sel imunokompeten yaitu semua sel
yang berfungsi dalam respon imun
Sel yang mampu membedakan sel
tubuh dengan zat asing dan
menyelenggarakan inaktivasi atau
perusakan benda-benda asing
Semua sel ini berasal dari sel induk
pluripoten yang kemudian
berdiferensiasi melalui 2 jalur

Sel dlm Sistem Imun

PERKEMBANGAN LEUKOSIT DARI SEL PLURIPOTEN

A. Immunocompetent cells
in general
1. T-cells
T cells express T-cell receptors that recognize the
antigen information associated with MHC molecules.
Produced in the bone marrow and develop in the
thymus.
T cells are classified by function into CD4 positive
helper T cells (helper T lymphocyte; Th) and CD8 positive
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc).
Th contains CD4 on the cell surface, by which Th
adheres to MHC class II. Therefore, Th reacts against
antigen-presenting cells and B cells, which contain MHC
class II. Th differentiates into subtype Th1 or Th2,
depending on the surrounding cytokine environment.
Th1 secretes cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-g ,
activating histiocytes (macrophages) primarily, and it

..cont

Th2 secretes IL-4 and IL-5, activates antibody

production in B cells, and inactivates foreign substances
(humoral immunity).
It is known that Th1 is involved mostly in type IV
allergy while Th2 is involved in type I allergy (atopic
diseases).
Tc contains CD8, by which Tc is associated with MHC
class I to initiate cytotoxic immunity; in this way, nonself cells and virus-infected cells are destroyed.
Tc is important in transplantation immunity, tumor
immunity and viral infections. Recently, the presence of
another subtype regulatory T cell (Treg) has been
identified. Treg is considered to be involved in immune
control, including suppression of autoimmune disease
onset. It is also known that some Th and Tc circulate in
the blood after an immune reaction to guard against reinfection.

2. B cells
B cells derive from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone
marrow, after which they differentiate. They react against
foreign antigens in lymphnodes, the spleen, and peripheral
tissues to differentiate into antibody-forming cells (plasma cells);
B cells produce antibodies in this process. B cells contain MHC
class II and activate T cells as antigen-presenting cells.
Immunoglobulins expressed on the surface of B cells react to the
corresponding targeted antigens to convey information to T
cells.
When activated, most of the B cells differentiate into antibody
producing cells that provide antibodies against the antigens and
die in the course of time except for some that differentiate into
memory B cells so that they are able to produce antibodies
immediately upon reinfection.

SELEKSI KLONAL

IMUNITAS HUMORAL

IMUNITAS SELULER

3. Histiocytes (macrophages)
Histiocytes (macrophages) are bone marrow-derived
cells that have intense phagocytic reactivity.
There are dermal-originated histiocytes and monocytes
circulating in the blood.
Histiocytes degrade phagocytosed antigen proteins into
peptides and present the antigen information to T cells
by MHC class II. In inflammation, histiocytes proliferate,
migrate to loci, leave various cytokines, and induce
phagocytosis of causative factors and injure the infected
cells.
Histiocytes may fuse to form enlarged cells. They are the
main cells to form granulomas in chronic inflammation

Mechanism of Phagocytosis

18

4. Mast cells
Mast cells play a central roll in type I allergy.
They contain high-affinity IgE receptors (FceRI) and
considerable amounts of histamines.
When binded with IgE and further cross-linked by an
antigen to react to IgE, mast cells are activated to
release inflammatory cytokines that lead to dermal
edema in erythema or urticaria.
Mastcytosis is caused by tumorous proliferation of mast
cells.

5. Eosinophils
Eosinophils have phagocytic and cytotoxic
functions.
Associated with atopic diseases (type I allergy),
autoimmune blistering diseases, and parasitic
infections.
Activated by Th2-derived IL-5.
Morphologically, they are characterized by having
multiple eosinophilic granules.
They do not usually exist in normal skin.

6. Neutrophils
Neutrophils are phagocytic and play a large role
in fightingbacterial infections.
They are hardly ever found in normal skin. They
are also activated in inflammatory diseases.
Neutrophilic infiltration (pustule) is observed in
psoriasis vulgaris and Sweets disease.

7. Basophils
Like eosinophils and neutrophils, basophils are
also granular leukocytes, and they contain
multiple basophilic granules.
They contain histamines in the granules and have
FceRI on the surface.
They are involved in type I allergy.
The functions of basophils are similar to those of
mast cells.