Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Chapter Summary
At the end of this chapter, student will be
able to:
1)Define operating system
2)List the use of operating system in
computer system
3)Describe various OS architecture
4)Describe various types of OS
Introduction to Operating
System (OS)
Software program that controls the hardware.
Definition of an operating system can be seen in
four aspects:
1) A group of program that acts as an intermediary
between a user and the computer hardware.
2) Controls and co-ordinates the use of computer
resources among various application programs
and user.
3) Acts as a manager
4) Allow the program to communicate with one
another
FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System
Introduction to Operating
System (OS)
Basically, two types of software available:
1)System software
Introduction to Operating
System (OS)
User1
User2
User3
Introduction to Operating
System (OS)
Functions:
1) Resource Sharing
- The OS contains a set of algorithms that allocates
resources to the programs executed on behalf of the
user.
- These resources include time, power, hardware, etc...
2) Control Program
- The control program controls the operation of the
application programs to prevent errors affecting other
programs.
3) Provision of a Virtual Machine
-This hides interfaces to I/O devices, filing systems, etc,
and provides a programming interface for applications.
4) Kernel
-The kernel is the only program resident all the time (all
other applications are application programs).
FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System
Introduction to Operating
System (OS)
OS has three objectives:
1) Convenience
OPERATING
SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
FP202 Fundamental Of Operating System
1) Monolithic System
This approach well known as The Big Mess - there is no
structure.
All kernel routines are together, any can call any
A system call interface (main program, sys calls, utility functions)
Examples: Linux, BSD Unix, Windows
Pros
1)Shared kernel space
2)Good performance
Cons
1)No information hiding
2) Inflexible
3) Chaotic
4)Difficult to understand
2) Layered System
The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels),
each built on top of lower layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the
hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user interface.
With modularity, layers are selected such that each uses functions
(operations) and services of only lower-level layers.
Hiding information at each layer
E.g. level 1 is processor allocation, level 1 memory management,
level 2 communication, level 3 I/O, etc.
Examples: THE System (6 layers), MS-DOS (4 layers)
Pros
1) Layered abstraction
2) Separation of concerns, elegance
Cons
1) Protection, boundary crossings
3) Client-server model or
microkernel
The advent of new concepts in OS design, microkernel is aimed
Client-server model or
Components above microkernel communicate
microkernel
Client-server model or
microkernel
Example: Windows NT
Various applications (Win32, OS/2, and POSIX) run
in user space.
Server for each application runs in user space.
Message passing between client application
programs and application servers runs in kernel
space.
OPERATING
SYSTEM TYPES
Monitor (permanently
resident)
-
User Space
(compilers,
programs,
The monitor
is system software
that isdata,
responsible for
etc.)
interpreting and carrying
out the instructions in the
batch jobs.
- When the monitor starts a job, the entire computer is
dedicated to the job, which then controls the computer
until it finishes.
Advantages:
1)Move much of the work of the operator to the
computer
2)Increased performance since it was possible for job
to start as soon as the previous job finished
Disadvantages:
1)Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can
affect
pending jobs (read too many cards, etc)
Example: A job could corrupt the monitor, thus
affecting pending jobs
2)A job could enter an infinite loop
2) Multiprogramming Operating
System
As machines with more and more memory became
3) Distributed Operating
System
The Distributed Operating System is unique and
Advantages:
1) Price/Performance advantage (Availability of cheap
data.