CHAPTER 2.

0
CELL STRUCTURE AND
CELL ORGANISATION

2.1 Cell structure and function

- Living organisms are made of basic units
called cells.
- The living component of a cell is called the
protoplasm. It consists of the cytoplasm
and the nucleus.
- Protoplasm is surrounded by plasma
membrane.
- Cytoplasm contains structures called
organelles.

Smooth
F

Lysosome
I

Rough
Endoplasmic
E
Reticulum

Centriole
H
Ribosome
J

B
Chromosomes

D
A

Chromosomes

Ribosome
G
F

B
A
H

E
D

Cell structure and function

Name of structures
/ organelles
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Vacoules
Endoplasmic Rec.
Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplast
Lysosomes
Centrioles

Characteristics /
structures

Functions

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF

ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

Plasma membrane

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF

ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

Without centrioles

Centrioles

With centrioles

THE DENSITY OF ORGANELLES IN SPECIFIC

CELLS
The density or abundance of certain organelles is
related to the functions of specific cells.
Do the Activity 2.3, pg. 21 (Textbook).

2.2 CELL ORGANISATION

Living processes in unicellular organisms
- Unicellular organisms small and simple
organisms.
- They can carry out vital functions within a
single cell.
- How does a unicellular organism perform
these living process?

Amoeba sp.

Amoeba sp.

Breathing
- The exchange of gases occur through the
plasma membrane by diffusion.
Excretion
- The waste substances are excreted from
amoeba by diffusion.
- As amoeba lives in freshwater, water
diffuses into cell by osmosis and fills the
contractile vacoule.
- When the vacoule is filled to a maximum
size, it contracts to expel its contents. This
process is called osmoregulation.

CELL SPECIALISATION IN
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
Refer your textbook, Pg 24, Photograph 2.14

CELL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

Major systems in
human
Refer textbook Pg.
29, Fig. 2.8

ANIMAL TISSUES
Tissue

Function

Example

1. Epithelial tissue
(Pg. 26, Fig. 2.6)

-Forms thin sheets that

line & cover body
structure.
- The function depends
on its location in an
organ

-on the skin- form a

protective barrier
-in the lining of human
intestine form mucus
secreting goblet cells

2. Muscle tissue
(Pg. 27, Photo. 2.16)

-Contract & relax to

produce movement

3 types:
a. Smooth muscle
-Found in intestine
b. Skeletal muscle
-Found in our
arms/legs
c. Cardiac muscle
-Found in the walls of
heart.

Tissue
3. Nerve tissue
(Pg. 27, Photo. 2.17)

Function

Example

-conduct nerve
Densely packed
impulses
nerve cells
(neurones)
-control &
coordinate activities
of the body

Tissue
4. Connective
tissue

Function

Example

Holds the 6 types:

body
a. Loose connective tissue
together
(Pg. 27, Photo. 2.18)
-binds epithelia to underlying tissue
-holds organ in place
b. Dense fibrous connective tissue
(Pg. 27, Photo. 2.18)
-contains a large no. of collagenous fibres
-can be found in tendons (connect muscle
to bone) & ligament (join bones
together at joints)
c. Cartilage
(Pg. 27, Photo. 2.19)
-support nose, ears & covers the end of
bone at joints

Tissue

Function

Example
d. Bone
(Pg. 28, Photo 2.20)
-provides protection to organs and support
the body
e. Blood cells
(Pg. 28, Photo. 2.21)
-has regulating, transporting & protective
function
f. Adipose tissues
(Pg. 28, Photo. 2.22)
-stores fat, an energy reserve & provides
insulation & protection
-found in the dermis of the skin & around
major organs

CELL ORGANISATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

PLANT TISSUES
Plant tissues 2 main types
a. Meristematic tissues
b. Permanent tissues

Permanent Tissue

Function

Example

1. Epidermal tissue
(Pg. 30, Photo 2.24
& 2.25)

-covers & protects

underlying tissue from
drying out & from
mechanical abrasions

-epidermis of leaves,
cork layers of stems &
roots.

Permanent
Tissue
2. Ground
tissue
(Pg. 30,
Photo
2.26)

Function

Example

-chief
functions are
to store food &
to provide
support

3 types:
a. Parenchyma tissue
-have thin primary walls & large
vacoules
-store starch and sugar
-give support & shape to herbaceous
plants
b. Collenchyma tissues
-supports herbaceous plants young
stems and petioles
c. Sclerenchyma tissues
-have cell walls which thickened by
lignin & may be dead
-give support & mechanical strength
to mature plant

Permanent
Tissue

Function

3. Vascular -Distributes
tissue water, mineral
salts &
photosynthetic
products
throughout the
plant

Example
2 types:
a. Xylem
(Pg. 31, Photo 2.27a)
-consist mainly of xylem vessel
joined together end to end
-the cell walls are thickened with
lignin
-provide support
b. Phloem
(Pg. 31, Photo 2.27b)
-consist mainly sieve tubes
which are arranged end to
end to form long continuous
tube-like structure

REGULATING THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

The internal environment of multicellular organism
Internal environment consist of
i. interstitial fluid +
ii. blood plasma
Interstitial fluid fills the place between the cells and
constantly bathes the cells.
cells
A

D
Interstitial
fluid

Blood
B
capillary

C
Blood
plasma

THE NECESSITY FOR MAINTAINING AN OPTIMAL

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

The physical factors & chemical factors of the internal

environment must be maintained regardless of the
conditions outside the cells in order for the cells to
function optimally.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively
constant internal environment for the cells to function
optimally.
The factors which should be maintained in internal
environment:
Physical factors temperature, blood pressure and
osmotic pressure
Chemical factors salt & sugar content and pH value

Any increase or decrease in the value of a physical /

chemical factor will trigger the homeostatic
mechanism to bring it back to normal.
The mechanism that governs homeostasis is called the
negative feedback mechanism.
THE INVOLVEMENT OF VARIOUS SYSTEMS IN MAINTAINING
AN OPTIMAL INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

(Refer textbook Pg 34, Fig. 2.11)

TEMPERATURE REGULATION

2.3 APPRECIATING THE UNIQUINESS OF THE CELL

Read by yourself