MODULATION

GROUP3-ECE121/A12
MARTIREZ
TOLENTINO
DELA CRUZ
ALZAGA
MABALOT

What is Modulation?
Modulation is the process of altering a characteristic of the
carrier in accordance with the instantaneous value of the
intelligence signal.
Modulation is the process of combining low-frequency
signal with a very high-frequency radio wave called
carrier wave.
Modulation is the process of varying one or more
properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier
signal, with a modulating signal that typically contains
information to be transmitted.

Need for Modulation

Modulation is needed to solve the following probems:

1. They have relatively short range.

2. Low frequency signals cannot be transmitted
directly.
3. Large sizes of antennas will be needed.

Types of Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation

Amplitude Modulation
Simplest way of superimposing the
characteristic of the intelligence signal onto a
carrier
The signal consist of three components:
One at Frequency Fc
One at Frequency (Fc+Fa)/ Upper Frequency Band
One at Frequency (Fc-Fa)/ Lower Frequency Band

Amplitude Modulation

Frequency Modulation
The frequency of the carrier signal is
varied by the modulating signal while the
amplitude remains constant.
Advantage: Noise Reduction Ability

Frequency Modulation

Pulse Modulation
The continuous signal is converted into
a series of pulses, each proportional to
the amplitude of the signal and
corresponding in time to it.
Second Form of Frequency Modulation

Demodulation
Process of recovering the intelligence
signal from a modulated carrier signal.
Extracting the Original information
bearing signal from a modulated carrier
wave.

Bandwidth
Expressed as three letter digits and a letter
that occupies the position normally used for
a decimal point. The letter indicates what
unit of frequency is used to express the
bandwidth. H indicates hertz, K indicates
kilohertz, M indicates megahertz, and G
indicates gigahertz.

Radio Emission

Radio Emission
An electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between 0.5 cm to
30,000 m.
In order to easily describe the different types of radio emissions or
transmissions, the ITU, International Telecommunications Union has
defined a series of codes that easily define a radio transmission or
modulation format.

Radio emission types designation format

The ITU designations for the different types of radio emissions
follows a standard format.
BBBB 123 45
Where:
BBBB-define the bandwidth
Character
1-letter indicating the type of modulation
2-digit that indicates the type of modulating signal
3-is a letter indicating the type of information being
transmitted
4-optional letter indicating the practical details of the
transmitted information.
5-optional letter indicating details about any
multiplexing, if used.

Bandwidth designator
BBBB 123 45
The bandwidth designator has the format of three digits that express
the significant figures, and a letter used for the decimal point.
H: indicates hertz
k: indicates kilohertz
M: indicates Megahertz
G: indicates Gigahertz
Examples:
200H-200 Hz
6K00-6 KHz/ 6000 Hz
1M25-1.25 MHz-1250000 Hz

Character 1-Type of Modulation

BBBB 123 45
Describes the format for the
modulation itself. It provides
information about the way in
which the signal is superimposed onto the carrier.

LETTER
INDICATOR

DETAILS

Double sideband, DSB, including DSB full carrier, i.e. amplitude

modulation

Independent sideband, i.e. two sidebands present, each carrying different

information

Vestigial sideband

Combination of AM and FM or PM, either simultaneously or in a preestablished sequence

Frequency modulation, FM

Phase modulation, PM

Single sideband full carrier

Single sideband suppressed carrier, SSBSC

Pulse amplitude modulation, PAM

Pulse width modulation, PWM

Pulse position modulation, PPM

Un-modulated carrier

Series of pulses without modulation

Sequence of pulses, phase or frequency modulation within each pulse

Single sideband with reduced or variable level carrier

Combination of pulse modulation methods

Combination of any of above

cases not covered by the above definitions

Character 2-Type of Modulating Signal

BBBB 123 45
This character of the ITU designations for radio emissions details
the characteristics of the modulating signal. It provides information
LETTER
DETAILS
including
INDICATOR
whether the
modulation is
0
No modulating signal
analogue or
digital and
1
One channel containing digital information without the use of
whether there
modulating sub-carriers (excludes time division multiplex)
isOne
one
channel of
2
channel containing digital information with the use of a
information
or
more being
modulating
sub-carrier (excludes
time division multiplex)
carried.
3
One channel containing analogue
information
7

More than one channel containing digital information

More than one channel containing analogue information

Combination of analogue and digital channels

cases not covered by the above

Character 3-Type of transmitted information

BBBB 123 45
This character in the ITU designation of radio emissions details the
type of information being carried. It provides some insight into the
use and the way in which the information may be decoded.
LETTER
INDICATOR

DETAILS

Telegraphy for aural reception - e.g. Morse code

Telegraphy for automatic reception, i.e. machine decoded

Facsimile

Data transmission, telemetry or command

Telephony, i.e. voice or music intended for human listening

(including sound broadcasting)

Video - television

Any combination of above

None of above

Character 4-Details of Information

BBBB 123 45
This character provides some insight into the format of the
information - its coding and therefore the requirements for decoding
he information once it has been demodulated.

Character 4-Details of Information

BBBB 123 45
LETTER
INDICATOR

DETAILS

Two condition code - elements vary in quantity and duration

Two condition code - elements fixed in quantity and duration

Two condition code - elements vary in quantity and duration - error correction included

Four-condition code in which each condition represents a signal element (or one or
more bits)
Multi-condition code in which each condition represents a signal element (of one or
more bits)
Multi condition code - one character represented by one or more conditions

G
H

Monophonic broadcast quality sound

Stereophonic or quadraphonic broadcast quality sound

Commercial, non-broadcast, quality sound (but excluding K & L below)

Sound of commercial quality with the use of frequency inversion and/or band-splitting
employed
Sound of commercial quality with independent FM signals to control the level of the
demodulated signal, e.g. pilot tones used to control demodulation process

L
M
N
W
X

Monochrome images or video

Full colour images or video
Combination of the above
Cases not covered by the above descriptions

Character 5- Details of Multiplexing

BBBB 123 45
Increasingly radio channels are used to carry more than one stream
of information, or they may be required to share the channel with
other users or streams of information. This character in the ITU
designation of radio transmissions provides information about any
multiplexing.

Character 5- Details of Multiplexing

BBBB 123 45
LETTER
INDICAT
OR

DETAILS

Code-division multiplex (including code

expansion techniques such as direct sequence
spread spectrum)

Frequency-division multiplex

None used

Time-division multiplex

Combination of frequency division and time

division

Other types of multiplexing/None of the above

Common Examples:
Broadcasting:
A3E or A3EG (Normal AM broadcast - as found on public LF and MF bands)
F8E, F8EH (FM broadcasting for radio transmissions on VHF, and as the audio
component of analogue television transmissions.)
C3F, C3FN- Analogue PAL, SECAM, or NTSC television signals (formerly type
A5C, until 1982)
C7W (ATSC digital television, commonly on VHF or UHF.)

Common Examples:
Two way radio:
A3E (AM speech communication-as used for aeronautical communications)
F#E (FM speech communication-as used for marine and many other VHF
communications.)
J3E (SSB speech communication-as used on HF bands by marine, aeronautical
and amateur users.)
R3E (AME speech communication-as used on HF band primarily
by the military (aka compatible sideband))

Common Examples:
Low-speed Data:
N0N (Continuous, unmodulated carrier-as previously used for radio direction
finding (RDF) in marine and aeronautical navigation.)
A1A (Signalling by keying the carrier directly (aka CW or OOK)-as currently used
in amateur radio. This is often but not necessarily Morse code.)
A2A (Signalling by keying a tone modulated onto a carrier so that it can easily
heard using an ordinary AM receiver-as used for station idents of some NDB
transmissions. This is usually but not exclusively Morse code. (An example of
modulated continuous wave))
F1B (FSK telegraphy, such as RTTY)
F1C (HF Radiofax)
F2D (date transmission by frequency modulation of a radio
frequency carrier with an audio frequency FSK subcarrier.
Often called AFSK/ FM.
J2B (PSK31 (BPSK31))