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SYSTEM
Prepared By
Manoj Paudel
Nepals Context
On average, fires are responsible for
property losses worth 350 million
rupees and the deaths of 43 people
annually. The average years sees
more than 1500 outbreaks (MoHA,
2009).
What is Fire ?
Fire Triangle
Fuel : Thing
that burns
Heat: That
causes fuel to
burn
Oxygen: gas
found in air
Fire Tetrahedron
-fuel
-Ignition
-oxygen
-combustion
Once a fire has started, the resulting exothermic
chain reaction sustains the fire and allows it to
continue until or unless at least one of the
elements of the fire is blocked
Stages of Fire
Ignition:Fuel, oxygen and heat join together in a
sustained chemical reaction. At this stage, a fire
extinguisher can control the fire.
Growth:Convection and radiation ignite more
surfaces. The size of the fire increases and the
plume reaches the ceiling. Hot gases collecting at
the ceiling transfer heat, allowing all fuels in a
room to come closer to their ignition temperature
at the same time.
Fully developed:Fire has spread over much if not
all the available fuel; temperatures reach their
peak, resulting in heat damage. Oxygen is
consumed rapidly.
Decay (Burnout):The fire consumes available 7
Fire Hazard
Fire hazard is a situation in which there is a risk of
harm to people or property due to fire
Fire hazard can take the form of various ways that
fires can start such as :
blocked cooling vent or overloaded electrical
system.
Firing at insufficient protected fuel store or the
areas with high oxygen concentration .
Firing of materials that produce toxic fumes
when blocked from escaping .
Fire Classes
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Fire Classes
Class A: Ordinary combustible materials, such as
wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics. They
burn with an ember and leave an ash. Extinguish by
cooling the fuel to a temperature that is below the
ignition temp. Water and other extinguishing agents
are effective.
Class B: Flammable liquids (burn at room
temperature) and combustible liquids (require heat to
ignite). Petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-based paints,
solvents, lacquers, alcohols, and flammable gases.
High fire hazard; water may not extinguish. Extinguish
by creating a barrier between the fuel and the oxygen,
such as layer of foam.
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Fire Extinguishers
Portable or Fixed Installations type
Water : A 9 l water extinguisher is installed for
each 210 sq.m floor area, with a minimum of two
extinguishers per floor.
Dry Powder: Dry powder extinguishers contain
from 1 to 11 kg of treated bicarbonate of soda
powder pressurized with CO2, nitrogen or dried
air. Interrupts chemical reaction.
Foam: contain foaming chemicals that react
upon mixing or aCO2 pressure-driven foam. They
cool the combustion, exclude oxygen
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Which to Use ?
Grou
p
1
2
Extinguishin
g Agent
Water
Dry Powder
Fire
Class
A
All
Foam
Carbon
Dioxide
Vaporizing
Liquid
B, C
Small
fires,
motor
Action
Cools
Flame
Interferen
ce
Excludes
Oxygen
Excludes
Oxygen
Flame
Interferen
ce
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