Intregation of Rasional Functions

by Partial Fractions

Definiton of A Rational Function

nal function was defined as one which can be ex

outient of two polynomial
P( xfunctions.
)

f ( x)

Q( x)

here P(x) and Q(x) are polinomials

In general, then, we are concerned

with the integration of expressions of
the form:
P( x)

Q( x)

dx

Rational Function
There are 2 types of rational function:
1. Proper Rational function: if the degree of the
numerator P(x) is less than the degree of
3x 5
2x 2
denominator
Q(x).
f ( x)
f ( x) 2
( x 1) 2
x 4x 8
ex. :
2.
Improper Rational Function: if the degree
of the numerator P(x) greater or equal than
3
5
3
x

1
x

2
x
x 1
degree f of
Q(x)
( x) denominator
g
(
x
)

x3 x
x 3 5x
ex.:

Integration by Partial
Fraction
To do this technique, it is necessary to write
P(x)/Q(x) as the sum of partial fraction.
The denominator of the partial fractions are
obtained by factoring Q(x) into a product of
linear and quadratic factors.
The method of determining the partial fraction
depends on the nature of these factors.

Case 1 and Case2

ors of Q(x) are all linear and none is

P( x)
A
B
C
dx

dx

( x a )( x b)( x c)
x a x b x c

rs of Q (x) are all linear, and some a

P( x)

A
B
C
dx

dx

2
2
x a ( x a)
x b
( x a ) ( x b)

Case 3 and Case 4

ear and quadratic, and none of the

A
Bx C
dx
2
dx

2
x a ax bx c
( x a )(ax bx c)
P( x)

linear and quadratic, and some of th

P( x)
2

(ax bx c)( px qx r )

dx

Bx C
2

ax bx c

Dx E
2

px qx r

dx

Prosedure how to evaluate

The intregation by of Partial Fraction
Take these steps to evaluate the integral
Step 1 : Factor the denominator as much
as possible
to get the form of the partial
fraction
decomposition
Step 2 : Multiply both sides by the
denominator and
then set the numerators are equal for
every
x to get the constants

Integration by Partial Fraction

Examples

Example 1.

1. Faktor linier berbeda

2. Faktor linier berulang

Exercises
1.

3x 1
x2 x 6

2
2. 0

dx

9x 1
dx
( x 3)(2 x 1)

Exercises!
Find the integral!

9x 1
1.
dx
0 ( x 3)( 2 x 1)
x
2.
dx
2
( x 2) ( x 4)
2
1
3.
dx
1 x 3 8 x 2 16 x
2

Solution no.1
1.

9x 1
dx
( x 3)(2 x 1)

Answer :

2
9x 1
A
B
dx

dx
0
( x 3)(2 x 1)
x 3 2x 1

9x 1
A
B

( x 3)( 2 x 1)
x3
2x 1
9x 1
A( 2 x 1) B ( x 3)

( x 3)( 2 x 1)
( x 3)(2 x 1)

Solution no. 1

Then 9 x 1 A( 2 x 1) B ( x 3)
1
for x

2

1
1

9
3
1 0 B
2
2

1
1
3 3 B B 1
2
2

for x 3

9( 3) 1 A( 6 1)
26 7 A

26
7

Solution no. 1

2
9x 1
A
B

dx
0 x3
( x 3)(2 x 1)
2x 1
2 26 / 7
1

dx
0
x3
2x 1
2
26 2 1
1

dx
dx

0 2x 1
7 0 x3

Then
->

26
1

ln x 3 ln 2 x 2
7
2

Solution no 1

26
1
26
1

ln 2 3 ln 2.2 2
ln 0 3 ln 2.0 2
7
2
7
2

26
1
26
1

(1,61) (0,69)
(1,1) (0,69)
7
2
7
2

299 69 143 69

50 200 53 500

299 143

50
53
663
2
9x 1

350
0

663
dx
1,89
( x 3)(2 x 1)
350

Solution no 2
x
2.
dx
2
( x 2) ( x 4)
x

A
B
C
dx

dx

2
2
x 2 ( x 2)
x4
( x 2) ( x 4)

Answer :

A
B
C

2
2
x4
( x 2) ( x 4) x 2 ( x 2)
x
2

( x 2) ( x 4)

A( x 2)( x 4) B ( x 4) C ( x 2) 2
( x 2) 2 ( x 4)

Solution no 2
Then x A( x 2)( x 4) B ( x 4) C ( x 2) 2
For x 2

For x 4

For x 0

2 0 B ( 2 4) 0
1
2 6B B
3

4 0 0 C ( 4 2) 2
1
4 36C
C
9

0 A( 2)(4) 4 B C ( 2) 2
4 4
0 8 A
3 9
8
1
8 A
A
9
9

Solution no. 2
x
A
B
C
( x 2)2 ( x 4) dx x 2 ( x 2)2 x 4 dx
1/ 9
1/ 3
1/ 9

dx
2
x 2 ( x 2) x 4
1
1
1 1
ln x 2 ( x 2) ln x 4 C
9
3
9
9x 1
1
1
1
1
( x 2) 2 ( x 4) dx 9 ln x 2 3 ( x 2) 9 ln x 4 C

Solution no. 3
3.

1
dx
3
2
x 8 x 16 x

Answer :

2 A
1
B
C
dx

dx
2
2
1 x
x( x 4)
( x 4) ( x 4)

1
A
B
C

2
2
x( x 4)
x ( x 4) ( x 4)
1
A( x 4) Bx( x 4) Cx

2
x( x 4)
x( x 4) 2
2

Solution no 3.
then 1 A( x 4) 2 Bx ( x 4) Cx
For

x0

1 16 A 0 0
1 16 A

For x 4

1 0 0 4C
1 4C

For x 1

1
A
16

1
4

1 9 A 3B C
9
1
1
3B
16
4
3
1
3 A
B
16
16

Solution no. 3

2 A
1
B
C
dx

dx
2
2
1 x
x ( x 4)
( x 4) ( x 4)
2 1
1
1

dx
2
1 16 x
16( x 4) 4( x 4)

then ->

1
1
1

ln x ln x 4

16
4( x 4)
16

Solution no. 3
1
1
1 1
1
1

ln 2 ln 2 4
ln 1 ln 1 4
16
4(2 4) 16
16
4(1 4)
16
1
1
1 1
1
1

(0,69) (0,69)
(0) (1,1)
16
(8) 16
16
(12)
16
1 11 1

8 160 12
53

480

1
53
dx
0,11
3
2
x 8 x 16 x
480