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Example 1
A 150 kg ball at the end of a string is revolving uniformly in a
horizontal circle of radius 0.600 m. The ball makes 2.00 revolutions
in a second. What is its centripetal acceleration?
v2
aR =
r
2r 2(3.14)(0.600m)
v=
=
= 7.54m/s
T
(0.500s)
v 2 (7.54m/s) 2
aR =
=
= 94.7m/s 2
r
(0.600m)
Example 2
The moons nearly circular orbit about the earth has a radius of about
384,000 km and a period T of 27.3 days. Determine the acceleration
of the moon toward the earth.
r = 3.84x108 m,T = (27.3d)(24.0h/d)(3600s/h) = 2.36x106 s
2r
v 2 4 2r 2 4 2r 4 2 (3.84x108 m)
v=
a =
= 2 = 2 =
= 0.00272m/s2
6
2
T
r
Tr
T
(2.36x10 s)
Example 3
Estimate the force a person must exert on a string attached to a 0.150
kg ball to make the ball revolve in a horizontal circle of radius 0.600
m. The ball makes 2.00 revolutions per second (T=0.500 s).
v2
(2r/T) 2
(F) R = ma R = m = m
r
r
4 2 (0.600m/0.500s) 2
= (0.150kg)
(0.600m)
= 14N
Example 6
A 1000. kg car rounds a curve o a flat road of radius
50. m at a speed of 50. km/h (14 m/s). Will the car
follow the curve, or it will it skid? Assume (a) the
pavement is dry and the coefficient of static friction is
s=0.60; (b) the pavement is icy and s=0.25.
FN = mg = (1000.kg)(9.8m/s2 ) = 9800N
v2
(14m/s)2
(F) R = ma R = m = (1000kg)
= 3900N
r
(50m)
(a)(Ffr ) max = sFN = (0.60)(9800N) = 5900N
Sincethisisgreaterthan3900N,thecarwill
followthecurve.
(b)(Ffr ) max = sFN = (0.25)(9800N) = 2500N
Sincethisislessthan3900N,thecarwillnot
followthecurve,soitwillskid.
Example 7
(a) For a car traveling with speed v around a curve
of radius r, determine a formula for the angle at
which a road should be banked so that no friction is
required. (b) What is the angle for an expressway
off-ramp curve of 50 m at a design speed of 50
km/h?
mv 2
FR = ma R FNsin =
Fy = ma y = 0 FNcos mg = 0 FN =
mg
cos
mv 2
mg
mv 2
mv 2
FNsin =
sin =
mgtan =
r
cos
r
r
v2
tan =
rg
Forr = 50mandv = 14m/s,wehave
(14m/s) 2
tan =
= 0.40 = 22 o
2
(50m)(9.8m/s )
5 Centrifugation
A centrifuge works by
spinning very fast. This
means there must be a
very large centripetal
force. The object at A
would go in a straight
line but for this force; as
it is, it winds up at B.
Example 9
The rotor of an ultracentrifuge rotates at 50,000
rpm (revolutions per minute). The top of a 4.00
cm long test tube is 6.00 cm from the rotation axis
and is perpendicular to it. The bottom of the tube
is 10.00 cm from the axis of rotation. Calculate
the centripetal accelerations in gs, at the top
and the bottom of the tube.
Attop,2r = (2 )(0.0600m) = 0.377mperrevolution
50,000rpm = 833rev/ssoT =
1
= 1.20x10 3 s/rev
833rev/s
2r
0.377m/rev
2
=
=
3.14x10
m/s
3
T 1.20x10 s/rev
v 2 (3.14x10 2 m/s) 2
aR =
=
= 1.64x10 6 m/s 2 = 1.67x10 5 g's
r
0.0600m
2r (2 )(0.1000m)
Atthebottom,v =
=
= 523.6m/s
3
T
1.20x10 s/rev
v 2 (523.6m/s) 2
aR =
=
= 2.74x10 6 m/s 2 = 2.80x10 5 g's
r
0.1000m
v=