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Highlights
Since 1975, Indian agriculture has emerged as the worlds largest user
of groundwater to grow food and fibre.
% Contribution to aggregate
Farm output and incomes
Rabi
flow
pump
flow
cereals
64.3
36.1
77.8
22.2
pulses
68.6
31.4
66.3
33.7
oilseeds
78.8
21.2
72.7
27.3
mixed crops
90.9
9.1
67.7
32.3
sugarcane
81.9
18.1
86
14
other crops
65.5
34.5
82.8
17.2
vegetables
67.4
32.6
74.9
26.1
81.9
18.1
83.9
16.1
plantation
72.7
27.3
72.9
27.1
fibre
crops70.4
70.4
29.6
86.5
13.5
fodder
79.7
20.3
86.9
13.1
other crops
84.7
15.3
59.2
41.8
69
31
76.5
23.5
all
Govt. numbers
Suggest 60%
Irrigated areas
Depend on GW,
But
National Sample Survey, 2003,
59th round:Proportion of area
under different irrigated crops
Served by pump and flow irrigation
Effective conjunctive
management
Means more well irrigation
in command
Areas.
In Indian districts, the
situation is the opposite.
Only 12% of Indias wells are
In command areas; and this
Proportion is dropping
every year
Implications: 1
Wake up to new realities.
Implications: 2
Groundwater recharge is
the game we must master.
Surface water dams deliver 150 km3/year;
aquifer system delivers 220 km3/year which is far more
productive.
Managing the sub-continental system of aquifers ought to be
Indias top priority; but this is nobodys concern.
India gets 4000 km3 of precipitation; we use
220 km3 of groundwater. Nature itself puts 4-10% of rainfall into
aquifers. If we focus recharge effort at the right places,
sustaining groundwater irrigation is possible.
The challenge is to increase recharge in arid areas (north-west)
and hardrock aquifers (peninsular India).
Implications :3
Implications: 4
high crop/drop
Accelerate agricultural diversification
Embrace and propagate water saving farming
systems: aerobic rice, System of Rice Intensification,
Zero-tillage, alternate wet-and-dry irrigation.
Reform micro-irrigation subsidies that shrink drip-andsprinkler equipment market instead of expanding it.
Implications: 5
Practical strategy for groundwater management