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Lecture 1
4/01/08
• Instructor: Patrick Mantey
– Email mantey@soe.ucsc.edu
– Web page http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/~mantey/
• Class Tuesday / Thursday 10-11:45 PM
• Next class in BE-506
• TA: Bin An bxan@ucsc.edu
• Text (tentative) Mitra, Digital Signal
Processing (4th edition, McGraw Hill)
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS -- Review
Superposition
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
Periodic signals --
f(t+T) = f(t) Period = T (seconds)
Frequency = 1/ Period
(“cycles” / sec. = Hertz (Hz)
f 0 1/ T0
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
Periodic signals --
f(t+T) = f(t) Period = T (seconds)
Frequency = 1/ Period
(“cycles” / sec. = Hertz (Hz)
Radian frequency:
2 f (radians/sec.)
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
MATLAB Demo
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
2
1
bn x(t ) sin(2 nf 0t )d (0t )
0
1
f0 is the “fundamental frequency”
T0
0t 2 f 0 t
1 2
d (0t ) 2 f 0 dt 2 dt dt
T0 T0
Fourier Series
N
1
x(t ) a0 an cos(2 nf 0t ) bi sin(2 nf nt )
2 n 1
T0
2
bn
T0 x(t ) sin(2 nf t )dt
0
0
Fourier Series
N
1
x(t ) a0 an cos(2 nf 0t ) bi sin(2 nf nt )
2 n 1
x(t ) ce
n
n
jn 2 f 0t
Euler:
j 2 f i t
e cos(2 fi t ) j sin(2 fi t )
Fourier Series
x(t ) ce
n
n
jn 2 f 0t
T0
2
1
jn0t
cn x(t )e dt
T0 T0
2
We can show cn a b
2 2
n n ; tan (bn / an )
1
recall that
b
a cos( ) b sin( ) a b cos( tan ( ))
2 2 1
a
Phasors:
b
a b
2 2
Phasors
Fourier Series
N
1
x(t ) a0 an cos(2 nf 0t ) bi sin(2 nf nt )
2 n 1
2
1
an
x(t ) cos(2 nf t )d ( t )
0
0 0
2
1
bn x(t ) sin(2 nf 0t )d (0t )
0
1
f0 is the “fundamental frequency”
T0
0t 2 f 0 t
1 2
d (0t ) 2 f 0 dt 2 dt dt
T0 T0
Fourier Series
N
1
x(t ) a0 an cos(2 nf 0t ) bi sin(2 nf nt )
2 n 1
T0
2
bn
T0 x(t ) sin(2 nf t )dt
0
0
Fourier Series
N
1
x(t ) a0 an cos(2 nf 0t ) bi sin(2 nf nt )
2 n 1
x(t ) ce
n
n
jn 2 f 0t
Euler:
j 2 f i t
e cos(2 fi t ) j sin(2 fi t )
Fourier Series
x(t ) ce
n
n
jn 2 f 0t
T0
2
1
jn0t
cn x(t )e dt
T0 T0
2
We can show cn a b
2 2
n n ; tan (bn / an )
1
recall that
b
a cos( ) b sin( ) a b cos( tan ( ))
2 2 1
a
Symmetry
Neither
Half-wave symmetry:
T0
f (t ) f (t )
2
has no even harmonics
| |
t t+T/2
Example of non-symmetric waveform:
T0
f (t ) f (t )
2
Fundamental Signals
Unit Step:
1, t 0
(t )
0, t 0
Fundamental Signals
Unit Step:
1, t 0
(t )
0, t 0
Unit Impulse
0, t 0
(t )
undefined , t 0
t
(t ) dt (t )
(t )
lim (t ) (t )
0
Unit Impulse
(“derivative” of Unit Step)
(t )
lim (t ) (t )
0
1 1
(t )dt 1
Unit Impulse
(“derivative” of Unit Step)
(t )
lim (t ) (t )
0
(t )
lim (t ) (t )
0
d (t )
(t )
dt
Exponential
at
x(t ) Ae
A=1 a=-1
Sinusoid
x(t ) A cos(0t )
0 t 0 t
0
/4 /4 1 1 T0
For ,t
4 0 2 f 0 f 0 8 8
Damped Sinusoid
t
x(t ) Ae cos(0t )
For / 4 / 4 1 1 T0
,t
4 0 2 f 0 f 0 8 8
Here,
1
T0 0.2; t 0.2 / 8 0.025sec
5
For / 4 / 4 1 1 T0
,t
4 0 2 f 0 f 0 8 8
Here,
1
T0 0.2; t 0.2 / 8 0.025sec
5
Recall (Euler)
cos(t ) Re e jt
sin(t ) Im e jt
j (t ) j jt
e e e cos(t ) j sin(t )
phase shift
Also note that, in phasors:
cos(t )
sin(t )
Recall the identity:
cos ( A B )
cos( A) cos( B ) sin( A) sin( B )
Time Invariance:
y (t ) y (t )
x(t )
x(t ) y (t )
Integrator:
t
f (t )
f ( ) d
(t ) (t )
df (t )
f (t )
dt
(t )
1
x(t )
2 2
(t )
1
x(t )
2 2
x(t ) x(k )
k
(t k )
(t )
1
x(t )
2 2
x(t ) x(k )
k
(t k ) 0; k ,
x(t )
x( ) (t )d
(t )
1
x(t )
2 2
x(t ) x(k )
k
(t k )
0; k ,
x(t ) x( ) (t )d “Sifting” property of (t )
x(t ) y (t )
x(t ) y (t )
(t t0 ) h(t t0 )
x(t ) y (t )
(t t0 ) h(t t0 )
x(t ) y (t )
(t t0 ) h(t t0 )
y (t ) x(k )h(t k )
k
Let t and k
y (t )
x( )h(t )d
Summing the components (Superposition):
y (t ) x(k )h(t k )
k
Let t and k
y (t )
x( )h(t )d
CONVOLUTION
y (t ) x( )h(t )d
or
y (t ) h( ) x(t )d
y (t ) x( )h(t )d
or
y (t ) h( ) x(t )(d )
x (t ) h(t ) h(t ) x (t ) y (t )
Convolution is commutative, associative and
distributive
y (t )
x( )h(t )d =
x (t ) h(t ) h(t ) x (t ) y (t )
x (t ) h(t ) h(t ) x (t ) y (t )
Convolution is commutative, associative and
distributive
y (t )
x( )h(t )d =
x (t ) h(t ) h(t ) x (t ) y (t )
y (t )
h1 (t ) h2 (t )
x(t ) (cascaded systems)
y (t )
h1 (t ) h2 (t )
Convolution is commutative, associative and
distributive
x( ) w(t )d h(t )d