INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER.

By
Y. k. Pandharipande.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

CURRENT & VOLTAGE

TRANSFORMERS (CT / PT)

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

CURRENT / VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Produce a scaled down replica of the Primary System Quantities

(Current or voltage) to the accuracy expected for the particular
measurement.
Performance depends upon ability to transform Primary Quantity
in the presence of transient D.C. Off-sets, non-sinusoidal wave
forms etc, particularly for protection application.
CT Primary loading is independant of secondary loading, unlike in
case of Power / Potential Transformers.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

CURRNT TRANSFORMERS 3 BASIC TYPES of CTs

1. MEASURING CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Used to supply indicating / integrating Instruments.

Operating Range : 5% - 120% of Rated Current.

2. PROTECTIVE CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Used with Protective Relays and similar Apparatus.

Operation specified over a wide range of Current ( Accuracy
specified at rated to ALF times rated current).

3 DUAL PURPOSE CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Intended for Metering and Protection.

Complies with the requirement of both Measuring / Protective CT
in terms of Range / Accuracy.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

MEASURING CURRENT TRANSFORMER (IS 2705- 1992 Part II)

Specified in terms of Accuracy Class , VA Rating and Instrument

Security Factor ( e.g. Class 1.0, VA = 15, ISF = 3.0)
Standard Accuracy Class= 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0.
Error specified at 5 120% of Rated Current. Higher errors
permitted at lower currents. For example, Class 1.0 CT has a ratio
error of:
(+/-) 1 % at 100-120% of Rated Current
(+/-) 1.5% at 20% of Rated current
(+/-) 3% at 5 % of rated current.

Error specified with 25-100% of Rated Burden connected.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

PROTECTIVE CURRENT TRANSFORMER (IS2705, 1992, PART III)

Specified in terms of Accuracy Class, VA Burden & Accuracy Limit

Factor (ALF) e.g. 5P10, 15 VA.
Standard Accuracy Class : 5P, 10P, 15P

Standard VA Ratings : 5, 10, 15, 30.

Standard ALF : 5, 10, 15, 20, 30.

For economical design VA x ALF should not exceed 150.

Error specified at Rated Current & ALF times Rated Current

e.g. 5P10, 15 VA CT has a composite error of :
(+/-) 5% at ALF times Rated Current with rated burden connected
(+/-) 1% at Rated Current with rated burden connected.

For a given CT, burden & ALF are inversely related i.e. If
connected burden is less than rated, ALF is up.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

PROTECTIVE CURRENT TRANSFORMER

CO-RELATION BETWEEN BURDEN & ALF

RATED BURDEN (15VA) CONNECTED.

ALF Times Rated current = 10 x 5 = 50A

Total Burden = 0.60 + 0.15 = 0.75 Ohms.

Voltage developed by CT at ALF (V) = 50 x 0.75 = 37.5 V

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

PROTECTIVE CURRENT TRANSFORMER

REDUCED BURDEN (5VA) CONNECTED.

Total Burden = 0.20 + 0.15 = 0.35 Ohm.

Max. Secondary current developed by CT at limiting voltage of
37.5V = 37.5 / 0.35 = 108A (21.5 times Rated Current)
Thus, at reduced burden of 5 VA, ALF increases to 21.5.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

PROTECTION CT FOR SPECIAL PURPOSE APPLICATIONS

(IS 2705, 1992, PART IV)

Designated as Class PS CT(Class X as per BS). Used for

balanced protections like Differential, REF where required
characteristic can not be conveniently expressed in terms of
Accuracy Class, VA and ALF.
Specified in terms of :
Knee Point Voltage (Vk)
CT Secondary Winding Resistance(Rct)
Magnetising Current (Im)

Typical Specification : Ratio=200/1A, Vk= 200V, Rct = 2 Ohms, Im

= 30 mA at Vk/2.
Low reactance type, Turns ratio error limited to 0.25%.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

CLASS PS CT KNEE POINT VOLTAGE

KNEE POINT Point on the Magnetisation Characteristic where

10% increase in secondary voltage causes > 50% increase in the
Magnetising current.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
5A CT SECONDARY

Used where lead burden insignificant (e.g. CTs used in in-door

metal-clad switch-gear or with high Prim. Rating say10,000/5A).
Fine turns ratio adjustment not possible for Bar Prim CT with low
primary ratings (say 25/5A).
Comparatively low peak voltage on CT secondary open-circuit.

1A CT SECONDARY

Preferred where Cts are Out-door and lead resistance high.

Fine turns ratio adjustment possible.

Comparatively high peak voltage when CT secondary is opencircuited.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CBCT)

Used for Sensitive Earth Fault / Earth Leakage Protection.

Excited by Primary residual current. Hence no out put due to
balanced / unbalanced load.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CBCT)

CBCT SPECIFICATIONS- Following parameters to be specified.

Min. Primary Earth Fault Current to be detected (say 1A or 2A)

Min. Setting of the Sensitive E/F relay (e.g. 10 mA)

Ohmic burden of relay at Min. Setting. (say 1 ohm)

To and fro lead burden between CBCT & Relay (say 1 ohm)

Outer diameter of cable on which CBCT to be mounted.

Note Source end earthing of Armour to be routed through the

window of CBCT and earthed on load side as shown, to prevent
earth return current through armour affecting sensitivity.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (VT)

TYPES

Metering VT
Protection VT
Dual Purpose VT
Residual VT

SPECIFICATIONS

Voltage Ratio
Accuracy Class
Rated VA Burden
Rated Voltage Factor

ANOTHER CLASSIFICATION
Electro-magnetic Voltage Transformer
Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT)

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (IS 3156 PART II 1992)

ERROR CLASS

% RATIO ERROR

PHASE ANGLE ERROR (Min)

0.1

(+/-) 0.1%

(+/-) 5

0.2

(+/-) 0.2%

(+/-) 10

0.5

(+/-) 0.5%

(+/-) 15

1.0

(+/-) 1.0%

(+/-) 20

3.0

(+/-) 3.0%

REFERENCE CONDITIONS

Voltage 80 120%

Burden 25 100%

Power factor 0.8 Lag

Frequency - Rated.

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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

PROTECTION VT
CLASS
3P
6P

% RATIO ERROR
(+/-) 3%
(+/-) 6%

PHASE ANGLE ERROR (Min)

120
240

RESIDUAL VT
5 PR

(+/-) 5%

200

10 PR

(+/-) 10%

-----

REFERENCE CONDITIONS

Voltage 5% to Voltage Factor times rated voltage

Burden 25 100%

P.F. 0.8 Lag

Frequency - Rated.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (VT)

RATED VOLTAGE FACTOR (IS 3156- PART I 1992)
SYSTEM EARTHING

Effectively Earthed
Non-effectively
Earthed (With
Automatic E/F trip)

RATED V.F.
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.9

RATED TIME
Continuous
30 Seconds
Continuous
30 Seconds

Non-effectively
1.2
Continuous
Earthed (W/O
Automatic E/F trip)
1.9
8 Hours
In non-effectively earthed system, healthy phase voltage rises to phase to
phase value, in the event of an earth fault. Thus, considering 10% , permissible
over voltage,
V (Healthy Phase) = 1.1 x 1.732 = 1.9

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
STAR / STAR CONNECTION

Both Prim / Secondary neutrals to be

solidly grounded.
Requires 3 x 1Phase or 3 Phase, 3
Core VT.

V- CONNECTION

Requires 2 x 1Phase PTs (Phase

Phase connected).
Used where Phase Neutral Voltage
not required (e.g. 3 Phase , 3 Wire
Meters)

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
RESIDUAL CONNECTION (STAR / OPN DELTA)

Primary neutral solidly grounded, secondary connected in open delta.

Used for polarising directional E/F relay or detection of earth fault in noneffectively grounded systems using Neutral Displacement Relay.
PTs should be 3 Phase, 5 Limb or 3 x Single Phase.