HUMAN POPULATION

Current World Human

Population
As of July 2012
7.06 billion people in the world
97% is due to developing countries
because of the dual effects of high birth
rates and young populations.
Conversely, in the developed countries the
annual number of births barely exceeds
deaths because of low birth rates and much
older populations.

The Rise of Humans

Some 2.2 million years ago Homo habilis
Each of the succeeding species of humans has died off, except
for, of course, todays human species, Homo sapiens.
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens the most recent ancestor of the modern day
human species
All human ancestors are gone today.

Homo sapiens sapiens - The sole surviving humans that now

populate the earth are actually a subspecies of modern man,
who appeared on Earth some 90,000 years ago.
Todays humans live in a period called the Age of Man, which
began about 10,000 years ago.

Human World Population

History

Homo sapiens appeared around 500,000 years ag

by 8000 B.C. it increased to 5.3 million

 with the development of civilization, it increased

from 86.5 million in 4000 B.C. to
54.5 million in the 17th century

Growth Rates
In 1850, the human population reached its
first billion.
By 1930, it was 2 billion.
By 1960, the human population reached 3
billion.
Then in 1975, 4 billion, and so on

Population- a group of individuals of the

same species living in a certain area at a
given time
Demography - scientific study of human
populations, including their sizes,
compositions, distributions, densities,
growth, and other characteristics, as well
as the causes and consequences of
changes in these factors.

Characteristics of a
Population
1. Population Size (N) exact number of
individuals of a certain species in the same
region at a certain time.
has an important effect on the ability of the
population to survive.

2. Population Density (Dp) the number of

individuals at a certain space
if they are too far apart they may only rarely
encounter one another resulting in little
reproduction

3. Dispersion the way in which the individuals

are arranged

Most common

4. Age Distribution describes how the total

population of a
country is divided into different age groups
starting from
the youngest to the oldest individuals
5. Biotic potentials the inherent ability of a
given
population group to reproduce and to
survive
6.Total fertility rate estimate of the average
number of children a woman will have during
childbearing years


Four factors that affect population
growth

1.Natality the natural ability of a population to grow in

2.Mortality the decrease in population due to death of

3.Immigration the moving into a population
4. Emigration the moving out of a population

Factors Affecting Birth Rates

(1)
Importance of children as part of
labor force
Cost of raising and educating
children
Availability of retirement systems
Urbanization
Educational and employment
opportunities for women

Factors Affecting Birth Rates

(2)
Average marriage age
Availability of legal abortion and
reliable birth control methods
Religious beliefs, traditions, cultural
norms

Factors Affecting Death

Rates
Population growth is also response to
decline in crude death rate
Life expectancy and infant
mortality rate important indicators
of overall health
Average life expectancy increased
Infant mortality barometer of a
societys quality of life

Migration
Migration driven by economic
desires
Other reasons
Religious persecution
Political oppression
Ethnic conflicts
Wars
Environmental degradation

Types of Population
An open population is a population that is able
from one place to another;
it is affected by natality, mortality, immigration
and emigration

A closed population is a population that is not f

migrate from one place to another;
it is affected only by natality and mortality

What Factors Influence the

Size of the Human
Population?
Population size increases through
births and immigration and
decreases through deaths and
emigration.
The average number of children born
to women in a population (total
fertility rate) is the key factor that
determines the population size.

Number of Children
Fertility rates affect population size
and growth rate
Total fertility rate (TFR)
1950-2009: Global TFR fell to:
1.6 from 2.5 in developed countries
2.8 from 6.5 in developing countries

Population Change
Population change =
(births + immigration) - (deaths +
emigration)
Demographers look at birth rates and
death rates
2009:
China, 1.3 billion people
India, 1.1 billion people
USA, 306 million people

How Does a Populations Age

Structure Affect Its Growth or
Decline?

The numbers of males and females in

young, middle, and older age groups
determine how fast populations grow
or decline.

Age Structure
Distribution of population
Prereproductive
Reproductive
Postreproductive

Country with many young people grows

rapidly
Country with many older people will decline
Developing countries: >30% under 15 years
old

Fig. 6-6, p. 102

Fig. 6-6, p. 102

Fig. 6-7, p. 102

Philippine Population
Population in Philippines increased
from 1990 to 2008 by approximately
28 million, a 45% growth in that time
frame.

As of 2011, the Philippines

has become the world's 12th
most populous nation, with a
population of over 94million

half of the population resides on the island

of Luzon
Metro Manilais the most populous of
thetwelve defined metropolitan areasin the
Philippines and the11th most populousin the
world

The population's median age is 22.7 years

with 60.9% aged from 15 to 64 years old.
Life expectancy at birth is 71.94 years,
75.03 years for females
68.99 years for males

The population is young in age structure;

60% are below 15 years of age

Every working Filipino has to support at least 2 dep

The average Filipino family size is 5 children
33% of the entire population is malnourished
50% live below poverty line

Other variables that enhance

increase in population
1. Traditional love for large families
2. Fatalistic attitude
3. Sex question
4. The macho image
5. Ineffective family planning
6. Roman Catholic Churchs disagreement with
certain family planning methods
7. Advances in medicine

8. Other factors: absence of electricity, unemploym

Population boom leads to

numerous problems such as:
1. Economic problems
2. Social problems
3. Environmental problems
4. Health problems
5. Educational problems
6. Moral and spiritual degeneration

7. Insufficient food supply and other basic needs

8. Degradation of the aesthetic sense and values

Natural Capital Degradation

Altering Nature to Meet Our Needs
Reduction of biodiversity

Increasing use of the earth's net primary productivity

Increasing genetic resistance of pest species and disease-causing

bacteria
Elimination of many natural predators

Introduction of potentially harmful species into communities

Using some renewable resources faster than they can be

replenished
Interfering with the earth's chemical cycling and energy flow
processes
Relying mostly on polluting and climate-changing fossil fuels
Fig. 6-3, p. 97

Addressing the Population

Problem

How Can We Slow Human

Population Growth?
We can slow population growth
by reducing poverty,
encouraging family planning,
and elevating the status of
women.

Stages of Demographic
Transition

Preindustrial
Transitional demographic trap
Industrial
Postindustrial

Birth rate and death rate

(number per 1,000 per year)

Stage 1
Preindustrial

Stage 2
Transitional

Population
grows very
slowly because
of a high
birth rate
(to compensate
for high infant
80
mortality) and a
70 high death rate

Population grows rapidly because

birth rates are high and death rates
drop because of improved food
production and health

Stage 3
Industrial

Stage 4
Postindustrial

Population growth
slows as both birth
and death rates drop
because of improved
food production,
health, and education

Population growth
levels off and then
declines as birth
rates equal and then
fall below death
rates

Total population

60
Birth rate

50
40
30

Death rate

20
10
0
Low

Increasing

Very high
Decreasing
Growth rate over time

Low

Zero

Negative

Stepped Art
Fig. 6-10, p. 105

Family Planning (1)

Birth spacing, birth control, health care
Increased availability of contraception
55% drop in TFR of developing
countries
Developing countries
Almost half pregnancies unplanned
Often lack access to family planning

Family Planning (2)

Invest in family planning
Reduce poverty
Elevate the social and economic
status of women

CONTRA against
Ceptives Conception
MALE
Condom
Vasectomy

FEMALE
Spermicides
Diaphragms
Cervical Caps
IUD
Pills
Injections
Hormone
Needle Implants

Birth Control Methods

Surgical: vasectomy in males
ductus deferens segment removed

Tubal ligation in females

Close uterine tubes

Chemical interference
oral hormones, implants, injections, spermicide

Blocking physically
IUD, condoms, cervical cap

Timing
temperature, mucus charting, calendar

RH Bill 5043
The Reproductive Health Bill of 2008

Reproductive Healthis a state of complete phys

mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relat
to the reproductive system and to its functions
and processes.

promotes information on
and access to both natural
and modern family planning
methods, which are medically
safe and legally permissible.

Birth Controlpractices employed by couples that perm

intercourse with reduced likelihood of conception and bi
The term birth control is often used synonymously with
such terms as contraception, fertility control, and
family planning.
But birth control includes abortion to prevent a birth,
Whereas family planning methods explicitly do not
include abortion.

Family Planning
A national mandated priority public health program to
attain the country's national health development: a
health intervention program and an important tool for
the improvement of the health and welfare of
mothers, children and other members of the family. It
also provides information and services for the couples
of reproductive age to plan their family according to
their beliefs and circumstances through legally and
medically acceptable family planning methods.

The program is anchored on the following basic

principles:
Responsible Parenthood which means that
each family has the right and duty to
determine the desired number of children they
might have and when they might have them.
And beyond responsible parenthood is
Responsible Parenting which is the proper
upbringing and education of children so that
they grow up to be upright, productive and
civic-minded citizens.
Birth Spacing refers to interval between
pregnancies (which is ideally 3 years). It enables
women to recover their health improves women's
potential to be more productive and to realize their
personal aspirations and allows more time to care
for children and spouse/husband, and;

Informed Choice that is upholding and

ensuring the rights of couples to determine the
number and spacing of their children according
to their life's aspirations and reminding couples
that planning size of their families have a
direct bearing on the quality of their children's
and their own lives.

The conscious effort of couples to regulate the numb

and spacing of births through artificial and natural
methods of contraception.
Family planning connotes conception control to
avoid pregnancy and abortion, but it also includes
efforts of couples to induce pregnancy.

Artificial Methods of Family

Planning
is a means of preventing pregnancy that
involve some kind of device or medication

1. CONDOM
A condom is a device made of fine rubber (latex).
The man covers his penis with a condom during
sexual intercourse in order to prevent the sperm from
entering the vagina.
Prevent unwanted pregnancies and sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs), including AIDS.
The use of condoms is one of the most reliable and
cost-effective methods.

2. INTRA UTERINE DEVICE (IUD)/COPPER T:

It is a birth control device made of soft plastic
and has the shape of the English letter T.
Copper is wound on the lower part and the end
carries two threads and placed in the uterus.
With the help of the threads placed on the tip of the
T, women can check if it is inserted properly.
a long-term method and prevents pregnancy for 3-5
years. Copper T does not create any problems
during copulation and can be used immediately
after childbirth. But unlike condoms, it does not
protect the user from AIDS and other STDs.

3. CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS:
also known as birth control pill
contain hormones, prevent a woman from
getting pregnant if used regularly.
One pill has to be taken every night before
going to bed. There are two types of packets
available in the market, one containing 21 pills
and the other containing 28 pills.
also help women to have regular menstrual
cycles and reduce the chances of anemia.
But breast-feeding mothers, especially if the
child is less than six months old, should not use
contraceptive pills.

4. INJECTIBLES
Vaccination is another method of birth control. This
vaccine is effective for three months and has to be
applied four times a year. It is available in the name of
DMPA and works in the same way as the pills do. It
reduces bleeding during menstruation and helps in
preventing cancer.

5. SURGERY

Permanent solutions are the best possible

methods if the couple does not want any more
children.
They are available for both men and women.
Male sterilization or vasectomy the duct
carrying sperm from the testes to the urethra is
cut and tied thereafter no sperms reach the
urethra during intercourse.
Tubal ligation or tubectomy is done by tying
and cutting off the fallopian tubes. Eggs
continue to be released but they are prevented
from reaching the uterus.

Natural Family Planning

refers to a variety of methods used to plan
or prevent pregnancy, based on identifying
the woman's fertile days.
for all natural methods, avoiding
unprotected intercourse during the fertile
days is what prevents pregnancy.
are also known as fertility awareness-based
methods.

Natural Methods of Family

Planning
1. The Ovulation Method
also call the Cervical Mucus Method
based on understanding and
interpreting changing cervical
secretions that are produced at
the neck of the uterus (cervix).
2. Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
identify their fertility by observing their body
temperature each morning before beginning any
activity. The body temperature is lower before
ovulation and rises slightly to about .2 degrees
Celsius or .4 degrees Fahrenheit after ovulation.

3. Calendar Method
also known as rhythm method
makes use of our knowledge of when a woman
is likely to ovulate. This enables many women to
calculate their fertile and infertile phases
described above. The fertile period generally
occurs 12 to 16 days before the period starts.

4. Coitus Interruptus Method

also known as therejectedsexual
intercourse,
withdrawalor pull-out method
is a method of birth-control in which a
man, during
intercourse withdraws his penis from a
woman's vagina
prior toejaculation. The man then directs his
ejaculate
(semen) away from his partner'svaginain an
effort to avoidinsemination.

5. Lactational amenorrhea method or

LAM
for breastfeeding women
highly effective during the first six months
postpartum
if breastfeeding is the infants only (or almost
only) source of nutrition.
feeding formula, pumping instead of nursing,
and feeding solids all reduce the effectiveness
of LAM

6.Abstinence
the avoidance of all sexual activity

Empowering Women Can

Slow Population Growth (1)
Women tend to have fewer children if
they:
Are educated
Control their own fertility
Have a paying job outside the home
Do not have their rights suppressed

Empowering Women Can

Slow Population Growth (2)
Women do almost all domestic
housework and childcare
Women do 60-80% of agriculture,
wood gathering, water hauling
Globally, women do 2/3 of all work
for 10% of income

Empowering Women Can

Slow Population Growth (3)
Illiterate woman 64% of worlds
population, 70% of the poor
When daughters considered less
valuable, not sent to school
Poor conditions for women leads to
environmental degradation

Big Ideas from This Chapter

- #1
The human population is increasing
rapidly and may soon bump up
against environmental limits.

Big Ideas from This Chapter

- #2
We can slow human population growth
by reducing poverty, encouraging
family planning, and elevating the
status of women.

There is no room for perpetual growth. It is a foregone

conclusion that we will not survive it. If it grows unabated,
the human population will reach the point where all its
life-sustaining systems will simply breakdown and begin
to succumb to disease, malnourishment, starvation or
toxic pollution, ensuring its own demise. Or will humans
sustain themselves? Humans have the innate capacity to
make things right, even in the most adverse conditions.

Nature will always find a way to recover,

reclaim itself and live on.
Can mankind do the same, or will
todays existing species of humans,
Homo sapiens, go the way of its
ancestors, only to be replaced by
another species of intelligent life?

The Day of Seven Billion has come while the human population continues to click on
at about 2.5 births per second and the beat goes on.
Did You Know?
In 1900, only one out of ten people lived in cities, but by 1994, one out of every two
people lived in cities. Today, three billion people live in cities. (Source: U.S. Census
Bureau)
Antarctica is the only continent that does not have an indigenous population. Only
about 1,000 people live there at any given time as researchers and scientists from
various countries who study Earths geology, weather and related science.
Every minute, a woman dies in pregnancy or childbirth. An African womans lifetime
risk of dying from pregnancy related causes is one in 16. For Asian women it is one in
65, and one in 1,400 for European women. (Source: U.N. Population Fund)
The top 20 percent of the wealthiest people in the world today consumes 86 percent of
all goods and services. The poorest 20 percent consumes only 1.3 percent of all goods
and services. (Source: World Population Awareness)
Five of the largest groups of Australians born overseas are from five countries: United
Kingdom, China, Italy, New Zealand and Vietnam.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the worlds human population will reach seven
billion in early March 2012.