INHERITANCE

Inheritance = The transmission of particular

characteristics from generation to generation
by means of the genetic code on the DNA of
chromosome
Trait= Each variant for a specific
characteristics. E.g: tall, short, purple, white
Characteristics = A distinctive feature of an
organism, such as height & colour

Mendels First Law or the Law of

Segregation

Each individual characteristics of

an organism is determined by a
pair of alleles. The pairs of alleles
segregate during meiosis & only 1
of each pair of alleles can be
present in a single gamete.

 There is a pair of heredity factor that

determines particular character
The factor may be dominant or
recessive
Dominant alelles will produces the
phenotype
Factor separate during gamete
formation so that each gamete
contains only one of a pair of factors
for a given character.

Dominant or Recessive?
Characteristics

Dominant form

Recessive form

Earlobes

Unattached (free)

Attached

Tougue rolling

Roller

Non-roller

Eye colour

Brown

Blue/Black

Nature of hair

Curly

Straight

Hair Colour

Black

Blonde

Vision

Normal

Colour Bind

Rhesus factor

Positive

Negative

Genotype or Phenotype?
Example:
T=dominat alelle for tall plant
t=recessive allele for short plant
Genotype
TT (Homozygous
dominant)
TT & tt = pure breed
Tt (Heterozygous)
Tt (Homozygous
recessive)

Phenotype
Tall
Tall
Short

 A pair of homologous chromosomes:

Gene
locus
D

d Alleles

G
dominant

j
j
Homozygous recessive
Q

Homozygous

 The genetic diagram of monohybrid cross

between pure breeding tall plants (TT) & pure
breeding short plants (tt)

Exercise 1
1.

What would be the results of these cross?

(a) A heterozygous white haired rabbit is crossed with
heterozygous white-haired rabbit, where white is dominant.
_________

(b) A heterozygous red flowered plant is crossed with a

homozygous pink flowered plnt, where red is dominant.
__________

Let T= dominant allele for tall plant; t = recessive

allele for short plant

1
2
3
4
5
6

Cross

Genotyp Phenotype
e
Tall
Short

TT X tt
Tt X Tt
TT X Tt
Tt X tt
TT X TT
tt X tt

All Tt

4
3
4
2
4
0

0
1
0
2
0
4

Mendels Second Law or the Law of

Independent Assortment
During gamete formation, each member of a pair
of alleles may combine randomly with either
member of another pair of alleles.
Dihybrid Inheritance
The inheritance of two characteristics, each
controlled by a different gene at a different locus.
Mendel cross the pea plants from two pure
breeding characteristics: one tall with purple
flower, the other short with white flowers.
T=tall, t=short; P=purple, p=white

 Punnet square
Gamete
from

TP

plant A
Gamete
From plant
B

TP
Tp
tP
tp
F2 phenotype ratio
Tall, purple flower =
Tall, white flower =
Short, purple flower =
Short, white flower =

Tp

tP

tp

Exercise 2

Inheritance of traits in
human
ABO blood Group System
B

Alleles
I
are codominant (both are
I and
o
expressed equally in phenotype)
while alelle
I
recessive. Group A Group B Group
Group O
AB
Red blood
cell type

Io

Antibodies
present
Antigens
present
Genotypes

A A

A o

I I ,I I

I BI B, I BI o I

I oI o

is

Exercise 3

Human Karyotypess

Female Karyotype

Male Karyotype

Karyotype of a
female with
Downs syndrome

The characteristics:
Flat nasal bridge
Eyes : small, upward slant
Small mouth, protruding
tongue
Short neck

Sex Determination in
Offspring
The sex of the offspring is

determined by the MALE parent.

The probability of having a boy and
girl is 50:50.

Sex-linked Inheritance
Sex-linked gene=the
gene on the sex
chromosomes which
are not involved in sex
determination
Diseases related to sex
linked inheritance:
haemophilia & colour
blindness recessive
gene carried by X
chromosome
Male likely to suffer from
the diseases only
have one X

Haemophil Colour
ia
Blindness

Genotype
Phenotype
Male
Normal

X Y

X Y

X Xh

Female

Hemophilia
c/ Colour
Blind
Normal
Carrier
Haemophil

X hY
X
X

X Y

X X

X XB
B

Xb

X X
X

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

GENE & CHROMOSOME

Chromosome, gene & DNA????
Chromosome= thread-like twisted structure
in the nucleus
Carried genetic information
Consists hundreds or thousands of genes
Can be divided into two parts:
i. protein molecules- called histones,
X carry genetic info
ii. DNA molecules carry genetic information

Made up of units called nucleot

Adenin
e
Thymin
e
Cytosin
e

There are 4 different types of

Guanin
nucleotides which
have varied
nitrogenous ebases

 DNA molecules consists of two polynucleotide

strands coiled together by hydrogen bonds
between the paired to form a double helix

A gene is a DNA segment containing a partiular

sequence of nucleotides that code for the
synthesis of a spesific protein; so control the
traits of an organism.
Base adenine is always paired with thymine,
cytosine is always paired with guanine

The right order of

nucleotides

Application of Knowledge in Genetic

1. Selective Breeding
. To produce offspring that posses desirable
characteristics of both parents.
-Thick shell
- thin shell
-low oil content
-fruits do not
Fall off easily

- high oil
- fruits fall off
easily

-thin shell

-fruit do not fall off easily

2. Genetic Engineering
Gene Therapy

Gnetically
Geneticlly
modified
modified food
organism (GMO) (GM food)

- The patiet is
given

- Microorganisms such s bacteria

& yeasts are
used to produce
proteins
include:
Enzyme rennin
Penicillin
Human growth
hormone
Insulin
- Animals are
used to
Produce useful
protein in their
milk to treat
disease such as
haemophilia

A healthy gene
to replace a
defective gene
- Used to correct
genetic defects
such as sickle cell
anaemia, cystic
fibrosis & also
cancer

Maize has been

modified to
become more
resistant to
pests
Tomatoes have
been modified
to slow down
the ripening
process
Soya bean
plants hve
been made
herbicide
resistnt

3. Stem Cell Research

Stem cell???? cell that capable of dividing &
renewing themselves.
2 types of stem cells:
i) embryonic stem cells
- can be isolated from embryos at the blastocysts
stage. 1 blastocyst can yield millions of cells.
ii) adult stem cells
- can divide to become certain types of cell
- e.g: brains tissues, skeletal muscle, liver &
blood vessels
Scientiest hope to use stem cells to generate
cells && tissues that can b used to treat injury or
diseases.

4. DNA fingerprinting
Method of comparing samples of DNA by
producing visible pattern like a bar code
Application

Advantages

Disadvantages

-to identify suspect

in criminal activity

-more accurate

- Different of
procedures &
standards used
may differ the
results.

-to identify genes

that cause genetic
diseases
-to test the
compatibility of
potential organ
donors with patients

-Very small
quantities required
e.g: hair or a small
amount of dried
blood

- Possibility of
human errors

-last longer than

- Innocent people
fingerprints.
DNA samples that
my be convicted
are 25 millions years
of crimes
old can still b used.
-evidence is much
harder to clean up

The apllication of DNA figerprinting in paternity

cases

Explaination:
This provide evidence that father 1 is
the true father as he shares 3 bands
with the child compared to just one
for father 1
Note that the child has its own
unique banding pattern but that
because this is inherited, it does
share the same bands with both
parents

5. Human Genome Project

A genome??? organisms
complete set of genes made
up of DNA nucleotides bases
Purpose: to detect, map, &
determine the sequence of
all bases pairs in the DNA
of human genes
The information is used to
help treat & prevent
human diseases influenced
by genes
The published data on
the internet also
encourage shring &