Detailed Hydraulics Analysis

Presentation #8
Detailed Hydraulic Analysis
An Introductory Guide to Hydrology Using
WinTR-55
Prepared By:
Stormwater Solutions Engineering, LLC

100 East Sumner Street | Hartford, Wisconsin 53027
www.stormwater-solutions-engineering.com |262-673-9697
Overview
How are runoff flows generated?
How WinTR-55 can be used to calculate
runoff/storm water flows
Overview
Section 1: Hydrology
Section 2: WinTR-55
Sub-area/Reach Concepts
TR-55 Tutorial
1/8/16
C
Reach 2e
ach
Re
1c
Watershed - system of subareas and reaches

Sub-areas areas within a
watershed that generates
runoff
Reaches - represent
watershed flow paths
(stream channels) or
structures
http://www.wsi.nrcs.usda.gov/products/W2Q/H&H/docs/
WinTR55/WinTR55_exp_users.ppt
Reading Topographic Maps for Tc

These contour lobes
identify divides where
flow splits left and
right
Contour V points
upstream
Closed area indicate a

localized depression
or a high point (peak)
Possible sheet flow
location long, shallow
slope
Channel Flow
May be able to disregard
culverts under roadways.
Boundary indicates limit

of watershed ridge of
high points that define
flow boundary
Possible shallow
concentrated flow:
2 or 3 distinct flow
regimes (slope)
1 calculation for each
regime
Sub-area/Reach Concepts
Watershed - system of sub-areas and reaches
Sub-areas areas of a watershed that generate runoff
- Flows/discharges into the upstream end of reaches
Reaches or Routing Elements- represent watershed stream flow
paths or structures
Channel Routing elements - Stream Reaches
Structure Routing elements - Reservoir/Structure Reaches
Watershed Outlet - downstream end of the watershed (required
for all watersheds)
Typically discharges to a reach
1/8/16
TR-55 Tutorial
Sub-area/Hydrology
Concepts
Hydrology is based on several factors:
The size of the drainage area.

The ability of the native soil to infiltrate water at the start of a
rainfall event, or capture otherwise (infiltration + vegetation
capture + evapotranspiration = initial abstraction). This is
approximated in the TR-55 method by utilizing CN (aka RCN), or
Runoff Curve Numbers.
The time it takes for the entire area (or subarea) to contribute flow
to the downstream point of interest (Time of Concentration).
Sub Area Concepts Su

Schematics
bar e
aA
Reach
1a
Sub-area C
(stora
ge
2c g)
h
ac outin
e
R hR
ac
e
(R
Outlet
TR-55 Tutorial
1/8/16
routin
g
B
a
e
r
-a
b
u
S
Legend:
Storage Area
Sub-Area Inflow Points
Determining CN - Soil Types

Based on Hydrologic Soil Group classification
In the U.S., can be found at:
websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov
A = sand/gravel sub soils

To
D = characteristics of a wetland
Silt or clay soil, poorly drained
Outside the US, need soil engineer or local info on soil

types
Hydrologic Soil Groups
Hydrologic Soil Groups

From USDA:
Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of runoff
potential. Soils are assigned to one of four groups according
to the rate of water infiltration when the soils are not
protected by vegetation, are thoroughly wet, and receive
precipitation from long-duration storms.
The soils in the United States are assigned to four groups
(A, B, C, and D) and three dual classes (A/D, B/D, and
C/D).
Hydrologic Soil Group - A

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low
runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These
consist mainly of deep, well drained to excessively
drained sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a
high rate of water transmission.
Hydrologic Soil Group - B

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate
when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of
moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained
or well drained soils that have moderately fine
texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils
have a moderate rate of water transmission.
Consists of sandy silts, silty sand
Hydrologic Soil Group - C

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when
thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having
a layer that impedes the downward movement of
water or soils of moderately fine texture or fine
texture. These soils have a slow rate of water
transmission.
Consist of silty clays, sandy clays
Hydrologic Soil Group - D

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate
(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These
consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell
potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that
have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface,
and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious
material. These soils have a very slow rate of water
transmission.
Consists of predominantly clayey soils.
Hydrologic Soil Group Dual Groups

If a soil is assigned to a dual hydrologic group (A/D,
B/D, or C/D), the first letter is for drained areas and
the second is for undrained areas. Only the soils
that in their natural condition are in group D are
assigned to dual classes.
Can consist of peat, wetland soils, clayey soils, or
even undrained sands/gravels.
Hydrologic Soil Group

Web Soil Survey
In the U.S:
1. Find Location
2. Define Area of Interest
From tool bar, draw polygon around project watershed
3.
4.
5.
6.
Soil Data Explorer tab

Soil Properties and Features
View Rating
1,2

Web Soil Survey Output
Soil Name
Group
Area,
Group%
CN Soil Type
210-VI-TR-55, Second Ed., June 1986...
Actual Technical Release (TR in TR-55)
Not a manual for the program, but the back ground
literature for the program
http://www.hydrocad.net/pdf/TR-55%20Manual.pdf
Defines CNs for general areas (impervious,

pervious, etc.) as well as select land uses.
CN
From 210-VI-TR-55
Impervious
Area:
CN=98
General Land Use

(based on imp. area
CN
From 210-VI-TR-55
Not all cropland is

created equal
CN
From 210-VI-TR-55
CN
From 210-VI-TR-55
Some regulatory agencies require comparison to predeveloped conditions.

Pre-development
Or pre-European settlement
Some restrict the CNs in pre-developed models to pasture

or meadow
This can artificially lower the CN (less runoff) compared to
agricultural CNs
Area
Either by CAD, or from Web Soil Survey, or
estimated.
Area of individual sub-watersheds, composite
areas, or by similar CN
Commonly, areas are divided by sub watershed, or
areas with same Time of Concentration
Composite CN
WinTR-55 does this for you!
For use when adding areas (A) with different CNs.

Composite CN=(Ai*CNi)/(Ai)
Example:
Storm Data
From 210-VI-TR-55
Generally, there are 4 standard rainfall distributions within the US.
The highest peak discharges from
small watersheds in the United States
are usually caused by intense, brief
rainfalls that may occur as distinct
events or as part of a longer storm.
These intense rainstorms do not
usually extended over a large area
and intensities vary greatly. One
common practice in rainfall-runoff
analysis is to develop a synthetic
rainfall distribution to use in lieu of
actual storm events (B-1).
Storm Data
From 210-VI-TR-55
Time of Concentration (Tc)

Based on longest hydraulic path of watershed or
sub-watershed.
3 (actually 4) different types of water flow:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sheet Flow
Shallow Concentrated
Ditch
Pipe (not modeled in some programs, such as WinTR-55)
Add all individual flow segments for Tc
Longest Path
Once the rain that falls on the furthest (time) point
from the discharge, the entire watershed is assumed
to be reaching the outfall. This can help define the
peak of the hydrograph.
The longest hydraulic path used when analyzing
times of concentration typically start at either the high
point in the sub-watershed or a long, flat area.
Sheet flow will typically control maximize length at
shallow slope.
Longest Path Minimum Time

From 210-VI-TR-55
Regardless of Longest Path Tc calculations, The

minimum Tc used in TR-55 is 0.1 hour (page 3-4).
In large watersheds this constraint will probably not
be an issue.
This constraint may be an issue when modeling
smaller or highly impervious areas.
This minimum Tc is also typically applied to Rational
Method calculations for storm sewer sizing
Sheet Flow
From 210-VI-TR-55
Sheet flow is flow over plane surfaces

Typically short (100 feet, maximum), and can be restricted to
lower lengths by regulatory agencies (or by WinTR-55)
Professional judgment needed for end conditions
Sheet Flow
From WinTR-55 FAQs
Is there any way to increase the sheet flow length beyond 100
feet [in WinTR-55]?
No. After much discussion and research, the development team
felt that sheet flow greater than 100 was very unusual in natural
watersheds. For more information on the subject read W.H.
Merkels References on Time of Concentration with Respect to
Sheet Flow as posted in Technical References and H&H Papers
on Various Topics,
http://www.wsi.nrcs.usda.gov/products/W2Q/H&H/Tools_Models/
WinTR55.html in the USDA-NRCS West National Technology
Support Center website.
Sheet Flow
From 210-VI-TR-55
The range of mean depth is 0.002' for paved areas

to 0.02' for vegetated areas.
Sheet flow Manning's n values are for very
shallow flow depths.
It is important to note that, particularly for unpaved
surfaces, these friction factors are different than
those traditionally used for channel flow.
USDA, TECHNICAL NOTE N0. N4.
Sheet Flow Mannings

From 210-VI-TR-55
Shallow concentrated flow

From 210-VI-TR-55
After a maximum of 300 feet,
sheet flow usually becomes
shallow concentrated flow.
Determine Velocity
Determine segment Travel Time
(Tt)
By equation:
V=20.3252*(s0.5) [paved]
V=16.1345*(s0.5) [unpaved]
Tt=Length/V
Channel and Pipe Flow

From 210-VI-TR-55
Typically non-pressure flow
is assumed for pipes and
culverts (WinTR-55 does not
calculate pressure flow)
Use standard equations for

open channel flow
Determine Velocity
Determine segment Travel
Time (Tt)
Tt=Length/V
Reading Topographic Maps

These contour lobes
for Tc
identify divides where
Channel Flow
flow splits left and
right
Contour V points
upstream
Closed area indicate a

localized depression
or a high point (peak)
Possible sheet flow
location long, shallow
slope
May be able to disregard

culverts under roadways.
Boundary indicates limit of

watershed ridge of high
points that define flow
boundary
Possible shallow
concentrated flow:
2 or 3 distinct flow
regimes (slope)
1 calculation for each
regime
What is a Reach/Influence
on Tc
Reaches - represent
watershed flow paths (stream
channels) or structures
Generally utilized to route
one sub basin through
another
Reach C1 as shown can
also be a part of the Tc for
Sub Area C.
What is a Reach/Influence
on Tc
In this scenario, the Tc of sub
area B is sum of its times for
sheet flow, shallow concentrated,
and any channel or pipe flow.
The Tc of sub area B at the
downstream end of Reach C1 is
Tc(B) + Tt(Reach C1).
Reach routing is a crucial step in
runoff hydrograph development
Summary of CN, and Travel Data

Input Data
Runoff Quantification
From 210-VI-TR-55
The Technical Report offers 3 ways of determining

runoff quantities:
From 210-VI-TR-55

runoff quantities:
From 210-VI-TR-55

runoff quantities:
Applicability to Professional
Use
With limited input, computer programs can automatically

calculate travel times, composite CNs, and times of
concentration.
Some programs allow for fewer roughness variables than
provided in reference documents.
It is useful to manually calculate travel times, composite
CNs, and times of concentration for easier
review/verification purposes.
Most computer programs also allow a direct input of these
manually calculated values.
Hydrograph Development
From 210-VI-TR-55
Hydrographs can be developed using several

methods.
Commonly used is the procedure listed in Chapter 5
of 210-VI-TR-55
While each runoff hydrograph is different, typically
the distribution is similar, only differ in time scale
and quantity of runoff
Dependant on Tc and CN
http://isddc.dot.gov/OLPFiles/FHWA/010593.pdf
Model Outputs Technical

Basis
HEC-22, Chapter 8: Retention and Detention

Facilities, provides discussion on hydrograph
routing through detention facilities.

Basis
Stage-Discharge Ratings for an Outlet is shown

Stage-Discharge-Storage Relationships that some programs can
present, just depicts another known variable
HEC-22, p 8-40

Basis
Storage-Indicator
tables, and graphical
representation
HEC-22, p 8-40 & 8-46
Applicability to Professional
Use
Computer programs are commonly used to bypass

time consuming development of hydrographs and
routing calculations.
A common benefit for computer models is interaction
of interconnected ponds and development of
hydrographs with data points every minute.
Some professionals still prefer manual calculation
though it is wise to be familiar with both.
Section 2: WinTR-55
About WinTR-55 (general)

WinTR55 is a single-event rainfall-runoff, small
watershed hydrologic model.
The model generates hydrographs from both urban
and agricultural areas and at selected points along the
stream system.
Hydrographs are routed downstream through channels
and/or reservoirs.
Multiple sub-areas can be modeled within the
watershed.
From Win TR-55
User Guide, Page 1
Section 2: WinTR-55
How to Download
WinTR-55 (Computer Program)
http://www.wsi.nrcs.usda.gov/products/W2Q/H&H/tools_models/wintr55.html
Optional Additional Reference Materials

TR-55 (Technical Release 55)
http://www.hydrocad.net/pdf/TR-55%20Manual.pdf
HEC-22 (Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 22, Second Edition, Chapter

8: Detention And Retention Facilities)
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/library_listing.cfm?archived=true
FREE!
Section 2: WinTR-55
WinTR-55 INPUTS
General
User Name
Project Name
State, County (if
applicable)
Sub title
Area Characteristics
Reach
Structure
Area Characteristics
Sub-Area Names
Sub-Area Description
Sub-area Flows to Reach
Outlet
Weighted CN
Tc (hours)
Area (units)
Section 2: WinTR-55
Composite CN WinTR-55
Click this
To get this window
Then enter acreage next to

appropriate CN
Section 2: WinTR-55
Storm Data WinTR-55

Program requires storm data entry prior to Tc
Custom unit hydrographs and rainfall distributions
are also accepted inputs
USDA rainfall information provided for all counties
in U.S.
Will auto populate rainfall depths
Will auto populate rainfall distribution type
Section 2: WinTR-55
Storm Data WinTR-55
Click this
To get this window
Section 2: WinTR-55
Storm Data WinTR-55

Select this button to auto populate
storm data based on State and
County indicated on home screen.
Or enter specific data (as required

by regulatory agency)
Select rainfall type
accept
Section 2: WinTR-55
Tc Inputs WinTR-55
How to enter Time of Concentration Data
Click this
To get this window
Section 2: WinTR-55
Reach Data - WinTR-55

Can model stream, channels, etc. downstream of a
subarea or watershed
Click this
To get this window
Section 2: WinTR-55
Putting It All Together

WinTR-55 Data Screen
Section 2: WinTR-55

Flow Path
Section 2: WinTR-55

Results
Section 2: WinTR-55

Results
Section 2: WinTR-55
Additional Tools
Reservoir Routing
Section 2: WinTR-55
Outlet Structure- WinTR-55

A Structure in WinTR-55 refers to structure routing
elements
A reservoir/pond
A reach with significant storage and/or a constricted
outlet
Section 2: WinTR-55

Unlike HEC-RAS, WinTR-55
does not have dynamic routing
capabilities
As a reach discharges, the
structure fills and begins to
discharge.
Eventually the reach may stop
flowing following a rain event
a dry ditch, for example while
the structure may have only a
portion of the total inflow.
This may be problematic.
HGL
Ground
Modeled
Reach
Modeled
Structure
Downstream
Reach
This condition NOT modeled
Modeled
Reach
Modeled
Structure
Downstream
Reach
Section 2: WinTR-55

Note culverts and
riser/pipe
combinations are
modeled the same
Also, pipe invert to
spillway is
measured at the
pipe exit, not
entrance
Section 2: WinTR-55

Click this
or Double click this
To get this window
Pipe or weir?
Section 2: WinTR-55

To get this window
Double click this
Section 2: WinTR-55
Reach Routing - WinTR-55
Assign the reach to

the sub area
Section 2: WinTR-55
Reach Flow - WinTR-55

or click this
To get this window
Click this
Section 2: WinTR-55
Run Model - WinTR-55

The model can be run for numerical or graphical
output
The model can be run for multiple storm events
(numerical output)
Errors may be the result of structure overtopping
i.e., the structure outlet is undersized, or not
enough storage is available
Section 2: WinTR-55
Run Model - WinTR-55

Click this
To get this window
Select rainfall events,

then Run
Section 2: WinTR-55
Run Model (output) WinTR55
Subarea peak
Reach (upstream) peak
Structure outflow
is same as
downstream reach
outflow
Peak
Reach
Flow
(upstream)
Lag (in topeak
out)
Section 2: WinTR-55
Run Model (Graphical)

WinTR-55
Click this
Select Areas,
storms, and structure
trials
trials
Then Plot
to get graphical
representation
Section 2: WinTR-55
Model Outputs
Use the numerical outputs to analyze peak flow,
time to peak, structure peak lag times, etc.
The graphical outputs can be used to estimate time
to drain a structure
(some communities require drain times of 24 to 48
hours)

Detailed Hydraulics Analysis

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Detailed Hydraulics Analysis

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Presentation #8

Detailed Hydraulic Analysis

An Introductory Guide to Hydrology Using

Stormwater Solutions Engineering, LLC

Watershed - system of subareas and reaches

Reading Topographic Maps for Tc

Closed area indicate a

Boundary indicates limit

Reaches or Routing Elements- represent watershed stream flow

Hydrology is based on several factors:

The size of the drainage area.

Sub Area Concepts Su

Determining CN - Soil Types

A = sand/gravel sub soils

Outside the US, need soil engineer or local info on soil

Hydrologic Soil Groups

Hydrologic Soil Groups

Hydrologic Soil Group - A

Hydrologic Soil Group - B

Hydrologic Soil Group - C

Hydrologic Soil Group - D

Hydrologic Soil Group Dual Groups

Hydrologic Soil Group

From tool bar, draw polygon around project watershed

Soil Data Explorer tab

Hydrologic Soil Group

Defines CNs for general areas (impervious,

General Land Use

Not all cropland is

Some regulatory agencies require comparison to predeveloped conditions.

Some restrict the CNs in pre-developed models to pasture

For use when adding areas (A) with different CNs.

Time of Concentration (Tc)

Add all individual flow segments for Tc

Longest Path Minimum Time

Regardless of Longest Path Tc calculations, The

Sheet flow is flow over plane surfaces

Professional judgment needed for end conditions

The range of mean depth is 0.002' for paved areas

USDA, TECHNICAL NOTE N0. N4.

Sheet Flow Mannings

Shallow concentrated flow

Channel and Pipe Flow

Use standard equations for

Reading Topographic Maps

Closed area indicate a

May be able to disregard

Boundary indicates limit of

Summary of CN, and Travel Data

The Technical Report offers 3 ways of determining

The Technical Report offers 3 ways of determining

The Technical Report offers 3 ways of determining

With limited input, computer programs can automatically

Hydrographs can be developed using several

Model Outputs Technical

HEC-22, Chapter 8: Retention and Detention

Model Outputs Technical

Stage-Discharge Ratings for an Outlet is shown

Model Outputs Technical

HEC-22, p 8-40 & 8-46

Computer programs are commonly used to bypass

About WinTR-55 (general)

Optional Additional Reference Materials