WALLS & THEIR

TYPES

WALLS:
A wall is a continuous, usually structure which is thin
relative to its length and height.
External walls help to provide shelter from our
environment (shelter against wind, rain and the daily
and seasonal variations of out side temperature, for
reasonable indoor comfort) and internal walls divide
buildings into rooms or compartments.
The walls should have sufficient strength and stability
to be self supporting and support roofs and upper
floors.

Functional Requirements of Walls:

The main function of a wall is to enclose and protect a building

or to provide space within a building.
The following are commonly accepted requirements of a wall.
i. Strength and stability
ii. Resistance to weather and ground moisture.
iii. Durability .
iv. Fire safety.
v. Resistance to the passage of heat.
vi. Resistance to airborne and impact sound.
vii. Security
Types of Walls on the basis of materials
of construction
1. Stone masonry wall
2. Brick masonry walls
3. Timber Framed walls
4. Steel Framed Walls

1. Stone masonry wall:

The walls constructed of stone masonry are called
stone masonry walls.
2. Brick masonry wall:
The walls constructed of brick masonry are called
brick masonry walls.

3. Timber Framed Walls:

* The construction of a timber framed wall is a quick, clean, dry
operation.
* The timbers can be cut & assembled with simple hand and
power operated tools.
*once the wall is raised onto position and fixed it is ready to
receive wall finishes.
* It has adequate strength and stability to support floor and
small houses roofs.
* Covered with wall finishes, such as plaster board, sufficient
resistance to damage by fire, good thermal insulating
properties and reasonable durability to be protected from
decay.

4. Steel Framed Walls:

* Light gauge steel (cold formed steel sections) are being
used in house construction.
* the sections of steel are used in a similar way to timber.
The rolled steel sections can be assembled using either
stick, panel construction.

Types of Walls on the basis of their

function:
1.Cavity Walls
2.Boundary Walls
3.Partition Walls
4.Retaining Walls

1. Cavity Walls:
* Idea proposed in 19th century and
developed in 20th century.
* The outer leaf and the cavity
serve to resist the penetration of
rain to the inside face and the
inner leaf to support floors,
provide a solid internal wall
surface and up to some extent act
as an insulation against transfer of
heat.
These are of various width, such as
2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
It is also used as thermal isolating
wall.

 2. Partition Walls:
* A wall or division made of some material, so
as to divide a room,
portion, etc.
* Material could be of bricks, glass,
concrete, timber, etc.
* Non-load bearing structures.
* May be of folding or fixed type.
* Cheap, light, thin, fire-resistant and easy in
construction.

Types of Partition Walls:

Depending upon material used.
1. Brick Partitions
2. Hollow Brick/Block Partitions
(clay, terra cotta or concrete)
3. Glass Partitions
4. Concrete Partitions (Plain,
R.CC)
5. Timber Partitions

BEAMS

BEAMS:

- A beam may be defined as a member supported

at one or more points along its length.
- It is designed to carry loads acting
perpendicular to its length, the reaction at the
supports being parallel to the direction of loads.
- A beam may be curved or bent, if the supports
are so arranged that the reaction at the supports
will be vertical for the vertical loads.
- This may be accomplished by placing roller or
at one or to a certain degree by using plates
which permit sliding.

Classification of Beams according to the type of support

1. Simply Supported Beam:
The beam supported or resting freely on the walls or columns at its both
ends is known as simply supported beam.
2. Over Hanging Beam:
A beam having its end portion extended in the form of a cantilever
beyond the support is known as over hanging beam. A beam may be
over hanging on one side or on both sides.
3. Cantilever Beam:
This type of beam is fixed at one end and free at the other end.
4.Dropped Cantilever Beam:
This type of beam is supported at two points and rigidly held in position.
5. Rigidly Fixed Beam:
The beam whose both ends are rigidly fixed or built-in walls is known as
rigidly fixed or built-in beam.
6.Continuous Beam:
A beam supported on more than two supports is known as continuous
beam. It may be noted that a continuous beam may or may not be an
over hanging beam.

Classification of Beams according to the use:

1. Lintels:
A beam supporting the masonry and other loads over an opening in a
wall.
2. Joists:
Closely spaced between supporting a floor or ceilings.
3. RaftER:
Closely spaced beams supporting the roof and rooming parallel to the
slope of the roof. The rafters for flat roofs are usually called joists.
4. Purlin:
A horizontal beam along the length of the roof.

GIRDERS
*The distinction between beams and girders is that the beam is
smaller member and may be supported by the girder.
* A girder is a large beam that usually has smaller beams
framing into it.
* A girder is a rolled steel section used as a flexural member.
* Plate girders are to be used when very large loads are to be
carried.
* A plate girder is built up consisting of top and bottom flanges
made up of angles and plates.
* The web consists of one or more steel plates.
* All the individual plates are riveted or welded together, since
plate girders are deep beams.

GIRDERS
*It is necessary to stiffen them laterally to prevent buckling
under high compressive forces in the top flange.
* Girders take their own load first and then take the load of
super structure. Girders are used in the construction of
bridges and beams.

COLUMNS

COLUMNS
-

A vertical structural support, generally circular or rectangular in plan is

called column.

The forces which tend to shorten or compress a member are called

compressive forces and the stresses set up in a member by these forces
are called compressive stresses.

Bending or flexural stresses develop in a member when it bends.

The vertical members of a structural frame are called columns and they
transfer floor and roof loads to the foundation.

Such loads cause stresses in the columns which are chiefly compression.

Columns are also subjected to bending stresses.

TRUSSES

TRUSSES
-

A truss is a framed structure consisting of a

group of triangles arranged in a single plane.

Arrangement is in such a manner that loads

applied at the points of inter section of the
members will cause only direct stresses ( tension
or compression) in the member.

Loads applied between these points cause

flexural stresses.

PARTS OF TRUSSES:
- The points of intersection of the member of a truss are called
joints or some times panel points.
- The upper line of the members form the upper or top chord.
- The lower line forms the lower or the bottom chord.
-

The members connecting the joints on the upper chord to

these on the lower chord are the web members.
Web members carrying tensile strength are called ties.
Those carrying compressive stresses are called struts.
The term end post , vertical post, hip vertical and panel apply to
special forms of trusses.
The distance form centre to centre of the supports is called
the span.