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Refinery Products
Simulated Distillation by Gas Chromatography
The boiling point distribution of the whole crude oil can be determined
by an injection of the sample in a gas chromatograph which separates
the hydrocarbons in boiling point order. The retention time is related to
then boiling point through a calibration curve. The results of this test are
comparable to the true boiling point tests. In addition, the boiling point
distribution of light and heavy petroleum cuts can also be done by gas
chromatography. One of the standards methods of measurements is
ASTM D5307.
API Gravity
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Pour Point
The pour point is defined as the lowest temperature at which the
sample will flow. It indicates how easy or difficult it is to pump the
oil, especially in cold weather. It also indicates the aromaticity or
the paraffinity of the crude oil or the fraction. A lower pour point
means that the paraffin content is low.
Pour points for the whole crude and fractions boiling above
232C(450F) are determined by standard tests like ASTM D97.
Refinery Products
b) Associted gas : This is obtained from oil reservoirs and this exists as a
separate gas cap over liquid phase. The proportion of CH4, C2H4 , C3H8 vary
depending on reservoir conditions. When the gas phase is taken out, it may still
contain some liquid , hyrocarbons mainly of volatile range like butane and
pentane which when condensed are treated as (Natural Gasoline ).
c) Disolved gas : Gas may be present in liquid HC mainly in the dissolved state
depending upon the formation pressure. When the pressure dercreased, this
dissolved gas comes out of the oil. This gas is separated before transportation in
pipe lines or tankers . The remaining is first to come out of the distillation column
Normal butane is blended into gasoline to give the desired vapor pressure which is
a compromise between high RVP to improve starting characteristics and a low RVP
to prevent vapor lock and reduce evaporation losses. As butane has a high
blending octane number as much as vapor pressure limitation permits.
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