REOVIRUS -ROTAVIRUS

R.Varidianto Yudo T., dr.,MKes.

Lab. Mikrobiologi
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Hang Tuah

 Reoviruses are medium-sized viruses with

a double-stranded, segmented RNA
genome.
The family includes human rotaviruses,
the most important cause of infantile
gastroenteritis around the world
Acute gastroenteritis is a very common
disease with significant public health
impact.

Rotaviruses
Rotaviruses are a major cause of
diarrheal illness in human infants and
young animals, including calves and
piglets.
Infections in adult humans and animals are
also common.
Rotavirus is transmitted by Fecal-Oral
route

Characteristic
Virion: Icosahedral, 6080 nm in diameter,
double capsid shell
Genome: Double-stranded RNA, linear,
segmented (1012 segments); total
genome size 1627 kbp
Proteins: Nine structural proteins; core
contains several enzymes. Main enzym is
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Envelope: None (transient pseudoenvelope
is present during rotavirus particle
morphogenesis)

 Replication: Cytoplasm. Virions not

completely uncoated.Release by lysis
of the cell not by budding.

Classification & Antigenic

Properties
Rotaviruses have been classified into five
species (AE), plus two tentative species (F
and G), based on antigenic epitopes on
the internal structural protein VP6.
These can be detected by
immunofluorescence, ELISA, and
immune electron microscopy (IEM).
Group A rotaviruses are the most
frequent human pathogens.

 Outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7 carry

epitopes important in neutralizing activity,
with VP7 glycoprotein being the
predominant antigen.
These type-specific antigens differentiate
among rotaviruses and are demonstrable by
Nt tests.
Multiple serotypes have been identified
among human and animal rotaviruses.
Some animal and human rotaviruses
share serotype specificity.

Pathogenesis
Rotaviruses infect cells in the villi of the
small intestine (gastric and colonic
mucosa are spared).
They multiply in the cytoplasm of
enterocytes and damage their transport
mechanisms.
One of the rotavirus-encoded proteins,
NSP4, is a viral enterotoxin and induces
secretion by triggering a signal
transduction pathway.

 Damaged cells may slough into the

lumen of the intestine and release
large quantities of virus, which
appear in the stool (up to 1010
particles per gram of feces).
Viral excretion usually lasts 212 days in
otherwise healthy patients but may be
prolonged in those with poor nutrition.
Diarrhea caused by rotaviruses may be
due to impaired sodium and glucose
absorption as damaged cells on villi
are replaced by nonabsorbing
immature crypt cells.
It may take 38 weeks for normal
function to be restored.

Treatment & Control

Treatment of gastroenteritis is supportive, to correct
the loss of water and electrolytes that may lead to
dehydration, acidosis, shock, and death.
Management consists of replacement of fluids and
restoration of electrolyte balance either intravenously
or orally, as feasible. The infrequent mortality from
infantile diarrhea in developed countries is due to
routine use of effective replacement therapy.
In view of the fecal-oral route of transmission,
wastewater treatment and sanitation are significant
control measures.
An oral bovine-based rotavirus vaccine was licensed
in the United States. A safe and effective vaccine
remains the best hope for reducing the worldwide
burden of rotavirus disease.