SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

Filtration and Evaporation

Distillation
Paper Chromatography

Filtration and Evaporation

Filtration is a method

for the separation of

the parts of a
heterogeneous mixture.
When students mixed
two common
substances, a
heterogeneous mixture
was formed.
There was a new
precipitate formed in a
solution.

Filtration and Evaporation

In preparation for the

filtration, the filter

paper must be folded
into a cone.
The students may be
measuring the mass
of the filter paper so
that they can
determine the mass
of the precipitate
after the experiment.

Filtration and Evaporation

The cloudy,

heterogeneous
mixture is carefully
poured into a funnel
that has been set
up with filter paper.
Notice that the
filtrate is being
collected in a
beaker.

Filtration and Evaporation

The precipitate in

the original
heterogeneous
mixture beaker must
be washed out using
the stirring rod and
the wash bottle.
We have collected
all the precipitate in
the filter paper now.

Filtration and Evaporation

Evaporation is a

method for
separating the
components of a
homogeneous
mixture.
After filtration, the
students evaporated
the filtrate solution
to separate it from
any dissolved solute.

Filtration and Evaporation

The liquid (solvent)

from the filtrate

solution will
evaporate leaving
behind any
dissolved solute.

Filtration and Evaporation

Mean while, the

insoluble solid (original

precipitate!) that was
collected on the filter
paper was dried in an
oven.
By taking the mass of
the filter paper before
the filtration and the
mass of the paper and
solid after it dries
the mass of
precipitate can be
calculated

Distillation
Distillation is a

method for the

separation of the
components of a
homogeneous
mixture.
The basis for
separation is the
different boiling
points of the
components in
the liquid.

Distillation
The distillation

apparatus will
be used to
separate some
of the
components of
imitation
vanilla.

Distillation
The component

with the lowest

boiling point
will boil off
first.
The vapor is
condensed and
this distillate is
collected in the
receiving flask.

Distillation
When all of a

particular
component is
gone
the
temperature will
rise to the next
boiling point
and that
substance will
form the next
distillate.

Imitation Vanilla Flavor

Ingredient

Chemical formula

Boiling point
(1 atm)

Water

H20

100C

propylene glycol

C3H8O2

188C

vanillin

C8H8O3

285C

caramel color

mixture of complex

N/A

0.1% sodium

sugars
NaC6H5CO2

N/A

benzoate
phosphoric acid

H3PO4

158C

ethyl vanillin

C9H10O3

285C

Paper Chromatography
Paper

chromatography is
an easy way to
separate the soluble
components of a
homogeneous
mixture
We will perform a
chromatographic
sparations of the
pigments in felt pens

Paper Chromatography
Specific vocabulary

words include:
Mobile phase
Solvent
Stationary phase
Paper

Separation is based

on:
Solubility of the sample

in the mobile phase

Molecule size
(and other factors)