University of Karachi

Department Of Chemical
Engineering
Filtration
Komal Yaqoob
Bushra Anwar
Jahanzaib Khan

Presented To :

Mam Saleha Khan

Syed Bakhtyar Ahmed

Filtration

Definition:
Removal of Solids Particles from a Fluid passing through a Septum on
which the Particles are Deposited

Objectives Of Filtration

To eliminate contaminant particles so as to recover dispersing fluid

To recover solid particles by eliminate dispersing fluid

Types Of Filtration
1.

Gravity Filtration

2.

Cake Filtration

3.

Membrane Filtration

Gravity Filtration
Overview:

Gravity separation can obviously be applied only to those particles

which have density greater than water

Goals Of Gravity Filtration:

Produce a clarified (free of suspended solids) effluent

Produce a highly concentrated solid sludge stream

Working Principles

Coagulation:

Coagulants with charges opposite those of the suspended solids are

added to the water to neutralize the negative charges on dispersed
nonsettlable solids such as clay and color-producing organic substances

Flocculation:

It is a process of bringing destabilized colloidal particles together to

allow
them to aggregate to a size where they
will settle by gravity

Working Principle
Sedimentation:

Sedimentation is the gravitational accumulation of

solids at the bottom of a fluid

Basically it is a Solid Liquid Separations by gravity

settling

After Coagulation/Flocculation, Gravity

Sedimentation is employed to remove the
Flocculated Colloids

Centrifuge Filter
Working Principle

Centrifugal force is produced through rotation around an axis. The

force
generated through the rotation acts in an
outward direction.

Overview

Rotating machines that separate liquids from solids by the action of

centrifugal force.

Working Of Centrifuge

In centrifugal filters slurry is fed in a rotating basket having a

perforated
wall covered with a filter medium
such as canvas or metal cloth.

Pressure resulting from the centrifugal action forces the liquid to pass
through the filter medium, leaving the solids
behind

Types Of Centrifugal Filters

There are various type of centrifugal filters according to the whether

the feed is batch or continuous, and in the manner in which the solid
cake is removed from the basket.

Suspended batch centrifuge

Automatic batch centrifuge

Types Of Centrifugal Filters

Suspended Batch Centrifuge

In suspended batch centrifuge, the feed is batch. The filter media is used
in this kind of centrifuge are canvas or metal cloth. The solids are
discharged by cutting them out with an unloader knife, which peels the
cake off the filter medium

Automatic Batch Centrifuge

In this type of centrifuge the feed is discontinuous. The basket is

unloaded while at full speed by a heavy knife that rises periodically and
cuts the solid out with considerable force through a discharge chute.
Timers and sensors control the various parts of the operations

Why do we use Centrifuge

Filters ?

Centrifugal filters can separate solids more conveniently than

gravitational filters.

They are proved to be more efficient than filter press.

They form a dryer cake solids as compare to filter press and vacuum
filters.

They are simpler to use.

Several types of centrifugal filters are available for several desired

conditions.

Cake filtration

Solid particle forms a layer on a Filtering Media (known as Cake)

The liquid which has passed through Septum is called Filtrate

Is it enough to study Filtration ?

?

Equation of Filtration ?
Factors

Affecting The Rate Of Filtration

1.

Pressure Drop (-P)

2.

Area of Filtering Surface (A)

3.

Viscosity of Filtrate ()

4.

Resistance of Filter Cake ()

5.

Resistance of Filter Medium (

6.

Properties Of Slurry

Equation of Filtration

The flowrate of the filtrate may be represented by the Darcys equation:

V = Volume of Filtrate
t = Cycle Time
A = Total Cross Sectional Area Of Filter Cake
l = Cake thickness
e = Voidage
= Viscosity of the Filtrate
P = Applied Pressure Difference

Equations of Filtration

Types
Of Filter Cakes :

a)

Compressible Cakes ( The cake resistance is not much

affected by Pressure Drop or Rate of Flow )

b)

Incompressible Cakes ( Increase of Pressure Drop or Rate

of Flow will form Denser Cake )

For Incompressible Cakes :

)e in previous Equation may b taken as constant and the

quantity is then a property of particles forming cake
) Thus

Types of Cake filters

Filter Press

Centrifuges Filter

Filter press

Operate in a Batch Mode

Sets of Plates

Plate faces covered by Septum

Slurry Enters From One End

Cake collects in chamber and Liquid pass out

Operation Principles

The slurry feed pump starts to fill the press according to an optimum
rate

Filtration is continued until the frame is filled with Filter Cake

The feed pump turned off and the plates membranes compressed the
cake for optimum washing

Dissolved solid in Cake can further be removed by cake washing

The thickness of cake can be varied by using frames of different

thicknesses

Additional moisture can be removed by forcing dry air through the

filter cakes

All the filter cakes are being discharged with the discharge system.

Advantages & Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES:

a)

Construction is very simple

b)

It provides a large filtering area

c)

Efficient cake washing is possible

DISADVANTAGES:

a)

It is a Batch process

b)

It is a expensive filter, the emptying time, wear and tear of

Cloths resulting in high costs

c)

The Filter Press is used when the Slurry contains less than
5% Solids

Membrane Separations

Definition Of A Membrane:
A membrane can be defined as a Barrier that separates two
Phases

Phase 2

REAL MEMBRANE

Permeate

Feed
Driving Force

Types of Membrane filtrations

4 common types of Membrane Filtration are

a)

Microfiltration

b)

Ultrafiltration

c)

Nanofiltration

d)

Reverse Osmosis

Differences of Membranes

Microfiltration operates on a particle size range of 0.10 m to 0.15

m.

Ultrafiltration operates on a particle size range of 0.15 m to 5xl0-2

m

Nanofiltration operates on a particle size range of 5xl0-2 m to 5x103

m

Reverse osmosis operates on a particle size range of 5xl0-3 m to

10-4 m.

Microfiltration
Overview:

It is a Separation process using a membrane of Pore Size approx. to

0.03 to 10 m

Materials Removed by MF including Sand, Silt, Clays and Bacteria etc.

Applications:

Fermentation

Biomass Clarification

Ultrafiltration
Overview:

Ultrafiltration has a pore size of about 0.003 to 0.1 m

UF removes all Microbiological species as well as some Viruses ( but

not an absolute barrier to Viruses

Applications:

Used in Fractionation of Milk as well Fractionation of

Proteins

NanoFiltration
Overview:

NanoFiltration membranes has a nominal pore size of about 0.001 m

These systems can remove virtually all Cysts, Bacteria, Viruses and
Humic materials

Applications:

Pharmaceutical Processing

Water Treatment

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis
Normal Osmosis:
Water molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region
of lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane
Reverse Osmosis:
Water molecules are forced to move from a region of lower
concentration to a region of higher concentration by applying a huge
amount of pressure

Reverse Osmosis

Overview:

The pore size is around 5-10 Angstrom ( 1 A= m )

Reverse Osmosis can effectively remove all inorganic salts from

Water

RO is particularly effective when used in Series Multiple Units

The Solute retained on the Pressurized side of the Membrane

Advantages:

It removes all contaminants Ions from water

RO operates immediately, without any minimum break in period

Bacteria and Micro particles are also removed

Reverse Osmosis
Limitations:

High capital and Operating costs

Managing Wastewater ( Brine Solution ) is a Potential Problem

High Level of Pre Treatment is Requires in some Levels

Reverse Osmosis
Construction:

RO membrane are available in the number of configurations, the

most common is Spiral Wound

a)

Two flat sheets of membrane are glued together back to back to form
an Envelope

b)

Inside the envelope, is a Porous Sheet of material called a Permeate

Carrier

c)

The envelope is glued to Three Sides

d)

The fourth side of the envelope is

attached to a perforated Permeate
Tube ( The only way
water can exit,
is through this tube )

Reverse Osmosis
Required
Pressure:

The osmotic pressure, , of a solution can be determined experimentally

by measuring the concentration of dissolved salts in the solution.

The osmotic pressure is obtained from the following equation

where
is the osmotic pressure (kPa).
T is the temperature (K).
R is the universal gas constant, 8.314 kPa m 3/kgmol K
Xi is the concentration of all constituents in a solution (kgmol/m 3).

Overall Comparison
There is an inherent difference in the separation mechanism in all
filtration processes and the reverse osmosis process.
a)

In filtration, Separation is made by a Sieving Mechanism, where

the membrane passes smaller particles and retains larger ones.

b)

In osmosis or reverse osmosis processes the membrane

permeates only the solvent and retains the solute.

c)

The Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, and Nanofiltration processes are

used to Separate the Suspended Material.

d)

On the other hand, the Reverse Osmosis Process is used to

Separate Dissolved Solids

End Of Presentation

ank You For Your Attention