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What is a drug?
- any chemical agent which
effects any biological process
What is pharmacology ?
- the
Introduction
What is Pharmacology ?
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacology
Pharmacotherapeutics
The study of the use of drugs
Pharmacocognosy
Identifying crude materials as drugs
Toxicology
Pharmacokinetics
What the body does to
the drug
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
(Biotransformation)
Half-life (t1/2)
- Excretion
Pharmacodynamics
What the drug does to the
body
- Drug receptors
- Effects of drug
- Responses to drugs
- Toxicity and adverse effects
of drugs
Sources of Drugs
Pharmacocognosy
Animals
Plants
Minerals
Synthetic
Microbes
plant
Meadow
flower
Colchicum autumnale
Beef
or pork pancreas
Digitalis
Colchicine
is the drug of
choice for treatment of gout
Insulin
DRUGCLASSIFICATION
- Based on the chemical structure
Basedonthemaineffect(e.g.
analgesics).
Basedonthetherapeuticuse(e.g.
antipsychotic).
Basedonmechanismofaction(e.g.
serotoninagonist).
Drug Nomenclature
micalname*GenericnameTrade
Chemical Name: 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid
Generic Name: ibuprofen
Trade Names: Advil, Aches-N-Pain, Brufen,
Emodin, Haltran, Medipren,
Midol 200, Motrin, Nuprin,
Rufen, Trendar, Wal-Profen
*preclinical nomenclature =
Routes of Administration
Critical to efficacy
Rapidity
of onset
Duration of effects
Magnitude of effects
Systemic administration
Drug
Routes of Drug
Administration
Enteral
within
Parenteral
Not
Central
Into the brain or spinal cord
Intrathecal, ICV
Oral
Per Os (PO)
by mouth
absorption
across
membrane in GI
most common
most variable
1st pass metabolism
Cooperation required
Can recall ~
Oral
Sublingual
Absorption:
mucous membrane
salivary glands
e.g.,
nitroglycerin,
buprenorphine
Chewing
absorbed
mouth ~
across lining of
Injection
Intravenous (iv)
directly
into vein
rapid onset of effects
Location important
Deltoid
- rapid
Thigh - moderate
Buttocks - slowest
Difference in blood
Injecting
(Intravenous):
Puts
drugs directly
into a vein
Put
drugs into
muscles or under
skin
Intravenous (IV)
Intramuscular (IM)
Subcutaneous
15 30 seconds
3 5 minutes
3 5 minutes
Injection
Subcutaneous (sc)
under
skin
slow, steady absorption
Disadvantages
Variable
absorption
limited volume
skin irritations ~
Injection
Intrathecal
under
spinal
Inhalation
Smoking
Lungs
gases
or vapors
densely lined with capillaries
large surface area
Fast absorption
Similar
to iv ~
Inhaling:
Allows
the vaporized
drug to enter the
lungs, the heart and
then the brain in about
7-10 seconds (Most
rapid)
Inhaling: 7 to 10 seconds
Copyright, 2004, CNS Productions,
Inc.
(Pictures)
Marijuana inhaling tent used
by the Scythians, c. 500 B.C.
Man in India smokes ganja
(marijuana) in a chillum
pipe.
Copyright, 2004, CNS Productions,
Inc.
Other routes
Transdermal patches
absorbed
by skin
slow continuous release
Pellets - Norplant
Microcatheter & pump ~
Contact or
Transdermal:
1 to 2 days
Copyright, 2004, CNS Productions,
Inc.
Toxicity
Toxicity is the ability of a chemical to
damage an organ system, to disrupt a
biochemical process, or to disturb an
enzyme system.
Drug Formulation
Dosage = the amount of drug to be administered
usually based on weight
Example: mg/kg
subling
IM, SC
IP
PO
topical
Rate of Absorption
Rate of Elimination
Physiochemical properties of the drug
age, sex, species, metabolism, etc
Drug-Receptor Interactions
Agonists
activates or enhances
cellular activity.
triggers a series of
biochemical events
alteration in function
second messengers:
biochemicals that
initiate these changes
Antagonists
do not initiate a change
in cellular function.
prevent the binding and
the action of agonists
blockers
Drug-Receptor Interactions
Factors Governing Drug Action
Binding of a drug
Antagonist