Chapter 1

Temperature, Heat, and

Heat Transfer
Nur Aklis
Mechanical Engineering
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta

Temperature
Temperature is defined as a measure of how hot
something is when we touch it.
Because related with the humans feelings and
senses that they are not reliable and influenced
by
psychological
factors,
temperature
measurement should be defined exactly by
certain scale.
Based on the zeroth law of the thermodynamics
that if body A is in thermal equilibrium with body
C, and body B is in thermal equilibrium with body
C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with B, the
thermometer is made.

Temperature (cont)
Two objects are in the thermal equilibrium mean
that they are at the same temperature.
Suppose we want to measure the temperature of
two beaker of liquid, A and B. We use a
thermometer as body C. Firstly we place it in
contact with A and record a reading, say 20 oC.
Then we place it in contact with B and again
obtain the reading 20oC. Thus we know that A
and B are at the same temperature and are in
thermal equilibrium.

Temperature Scale
To measure temperature we can use
Celsius
Kelvin (absolute temperature)
Fahrenheit

The relation between celcius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit;

K = 273, 16 + oC
F = 32 + 9/5 oC
C= 5/9(F-32)

Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion is phenomena occurred
when the temperature of solid or liquid is
changed. If at an initial temperature (To) an
object has length Lo along some dimension, its
length will change by an amount L = L-Lo, and
From the experimental was be found that;

L LoT
L Lo(1 T )

and

Where
Is the coefficient of linier expansion oC-1

Thermal Expansion (cont)

Area and volume also change with
temperature.
For area
A Ao(1 2T )
A 2AoT
For volume

V 3Vo T Vo T

Thermal Expansion (cont)

Example
Aluminum rivets used in airplane construction are made
slightly larger than the holes into which they fit and then
cooled in dry ice to -78 oC before being inserted. When
they then warm up to room temperature (23oC) they fit
very tightly. If a rivet at -78oC is to be inserted into a hole
of diameter 3.20 mm, what should the diameter of the
rivets be at 23oC.

A 100 cm3 beaker made of pyrex glass (=3.2x10-6C-1) is

filled to the brim with water at 12oC. What volume of
water will overflow when temperature is raised to 60oC.
( water=210x10-6C-1)

Example (cont)
A pair of eyeglass frames is made of
epoxy plastic. At room temperature
(20.0C), the frames have circular lens
holes 2.20 cm in radius. To what
temperature must the frames be heated if
lenses 2.21 cm in radius are to be inserted
in them? The average coefficient of linear
expansion for epoxy is 1.30 x10-4 (C)-1.

Heat and Thermal Energy

Thermal Energy (=internal energy) of

system is collective kinetic and potential
energy associated with the random motion
of the atoms and molecules comprising
the system.
Heat is the energy transferred between a
system and its surroundings because of
their temperature difference.

HEAT
Substance

Substance

Internal energy

Internal energy

Temperature

Temperature

Heat and Thermal Energy (cont)

Heat flow is positive when energy flows
into a system and negative when heat
flows out.

Unit of Heat
Heat is energy, so the unit of heat can be stated in joule,
But for the thermal the unit of energy is calorie (cal).
1 calorie is defined as the amount of energy transfer
necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from
14.5C to 15.5C.
From the mechanical equivalent of heat experiment
conducted by joule (see figure below) it is can be found
that;
1 cal = 4.186 J
The other unit is Btu (British Thermal Unit), whereas 1 Btu
= 252 cal = 1054 J

The mechanical equivalent of heat Experiment

Energy measurement
thermometer

Heat Capacity and Latent Heat

When heat is added to a substance the
temperature will rise or it changes from
one phase (for example, solid, liquid or
gas) to another phase.
The resulting rise in temperature (T)
depends on
The mass of substance
The heat added
The kinds of material

Heat Capacity and Latent Heat (cont)

Property of material that influence the change of
temperature when the heat added to the
substance is a specific heat (c), where specific
heat can be defined as the amount of heat
required to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 oC,
while Heat capacity is the amount of heat
required to raise a substance by 1oC.

Heat Capacity and Latent Heat (cont)

The relationship between specific heat, amount
of heat and changes of temperature can be
written as;

Q mcT
Where
Q = heat (joule or calorie)
m = mass
C = specific heat (j/kg.oC or cal/kg.oC
T= changes of temperature

Heat Capacity and Latent Heat (cont)

Solid, liquid and gas (vapor) are called phases
of matter. To change it from some phase to the
other, energy must be added or removed. For
example to transform substance from solid to
liquid (melting process) or from liquid to gas
(boiling process) energy must be supplied to the
substance. Conversely, energy must be
removed to change from gas to liquid
(condensing process) or from liquid to solid
(freezing process).

Heat Capacity and Latent Heat (cont)

The energy that must be added (or removed) to

cause the solid-liquid transition in 1kg of a given
material is called the latent heat of fusion (Lf).
The energy that must be added (or removed) to
cause the liquid-gas transition in 1kg of a given
material is called the latent heat of vaporization (Lv).
From the definition of latent heat, and again
choosing heat as our energy transfer mechanism,
we find that the energy required to change the phase
of a given mass m of a pure substance is

Q mL

L is Lf or Lv

removed
added

solid

gas
Lv

Lf

liquid

Heat Capacity and Latent Heat (cont)

To explain completely, looking for example if
-30oC ice is heated (gained heat) continuously,
the condition can be seen at graph below

 Part A temperature increases, phase is still ice.

Part B, after temperature reaches 0oC (melting
point of water), temperature still in 0oC and the
phase will be changed from ice (solid) to water
(liquid).
Part C temperature increases from 0o to 100oC.
Part D after temperature reaches 100 oC, (boiling
point of water) temperature constant and phase
will be changed to steam or vapor.
Part E, After all of water changed to vapor
temperature will increase.

Hint Solution problem of heat capacity and heat

latent
If two substance or more are blended, then the
substance that has higher temperature will loose
of the energy and the other will gain the energy.
In a system, It is can be written as;

Qlost = Qgained

Example
80 grams of brass (c=0.092 cal/goC) at 292 oC is added to 200
g of water (c=1 cal/goC) at 14 oC in insulated container of
negligible heat capacity. What is the final temperature of the
system.
To 160 g of water at 10 oC is added 200 g of iron (c=0.11
cal/g.oC) at 80 oC and 80 g of marble (c=0.21 cal/g oC) at 20
oC. What is the final temperature of the mixture.
Determine the amount of energy that must be lost by freezer
to make 1.5 kg of ice at -12 oC from water at 20 oC.
En espresso stand prepares steamed milk by bubbling steam
at 140 oC through a cup of milk at 30 oC, raising the
temperature of milk and its container to 50 oC. What mass of
steam is required to heat 220 g of milk (essentially water in a
cup of mass 100 g given the data . C milk = 1 kcal/kgoC, C cup
= 0.20 kcal/kgoC, C steam =0.48 kcal/kgoC, Lv water = 540
Kcal/kg boiling temperature of water 100 oC