Transports in Humans

By:
Adeline lauren
Jason Jayalie
Clarissa
Owen Jovian Ong
Geralvin Marcello Noralim Ruiz Orlando

Organism
Organisms can be classified as unicellular and
multicellular
Unicellular, consisting on a single cell ( most
bacteria )
Multicellular, consisting more than a single cell
( including plants and animals )

Why do we need a transport

system?
Because we are a
complex multicellular
organism
One of our main
transport system is
blood system
With the help of
transport system,
humans are able to
transport oxygen and
other nutrients to every
cell in our body

COMPOSITION OF
BLOOD
OWEN JOVIAN ONG

Main constituents of
blood

blood composition

Plasma
Red blood cell

White blood
cell
Platelets

45%

55%

plasma
blood
cells

PLASMA
Contains:
-Excretory products, for
example: urea, uric acid and
creatinine.
-Soluble proteins, such as
fibrinogen, prothrombin and 10%
antibodies.
90%
-food substances, such as
glucose, amino acids, fats and
vitamins.
-dissolved mineral salts, such
as chlorides, sulfates and
phosphates of calcium, sodium
and potassium.

plasma
water

complex
mixture
dissolve
d
substan
ces

RED BLOOD CELL

OR ERYTHROCYTES

It contains the pigment haemoglobin which

is a special kind of iron-containing protein.
Haemoglobin combines reversibly with
oxygen. This enables red blood cells to
transport oxygen from the lungs to all cells
in the body
It is a circular, flattened biconcave disc. The
centre of the cell is thinner than its edge,
so it can increase surface area to volume
ratio, so diffusion can be done in a faster
rate
It does not possess nucleus so it can store
more haemoglobin
It is elastic and can turn bell-shaped in
order to squeeze through narrow vessels
Its life span is 3-4 months and it is
produced by the bone marrow

 There are only 5000 to 10000 white blood

cell while there is about 5 million red blood
cells.
The ratio of red blood cells to white blood
cells is 700:1

WHITE BLOOD CELL OR LEUCOCYTE

Colourless and
does not contain
haemoglobin
Has irregular
shape and contains
a nucleus
It can move,
change its shape
and squeeze
through the walls
of the thinnest
blood capillaries
into the spaces
among tissue cells.

TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELL

lymphocyte

phagocyte

PHAGOCYTES
Phagocytes kill by ingesting
foreign substances.
While phagocytosis is the
process of engulfing or
ingesting foreign particle.

LYMPHOCYTES
Has large rounded nucleus, they work by producing
antibodies to kill bacteria or foreign particle entering
our body

P L AT E L E T S O R T H R O M B O C Y T E S
they are not true cell
They are membrane
bound fragments of
cytoplasm from
certain bone marrow
cells.
They play the part in
blood clotting

nJ
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Functions of blood

li
ya

1. As a transport medium to carry

substances from one part of our
body
to
another
2. Protect our body against
harmful organisms
3. Helps in blood clotthing
at wounds

Substances transported
by blood

Digested food
substances

Heat

Waste Products

Hormones

Oxygen

Functions of plasma
1. Carries blood

cell

Carries different kinds of substa

Function of red blood cell

Main: to transport oxygen to all
parts of our body

How?
Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

nctions of white blood ce

Main : To protect our body from
diseases

There are 2 kinds of white blood cells :

a.) Phagocytes
b.) Lymphocytes

Phagocytes Lymphocyte

Function of platelets
Main : To help in blood clotting to prevent
excessive blood loss

Process:
1st

4th
2nd

3rd

ore about blood clotting

Undamaged blood vessels in our body dont clot
because theres an anti clotting substance called
heparin which is produced in the liver, when the
blood vessels are damaged, the thrombokinase
enzyme neutralise the heparin which cause
clotting take place
Heparin

Summary
Plasma

Red
blood
cell

White
Platelets
blood cell

1. Carries blood
cell around the
body

1. Transport
oxygen to all
parts of our
body

1. Produce
antibodies to
protect our body
from diseases

2. Carries
different kinds of
substance
around the body

2. Carries
excretory
waste products

2. Digest
harmful particles
entering our
body

1. Helps in
blood clotting
to prevent
excessive
blood loss

Organ transplant
Organ transplant is a process when a persons
tissue or organ is damaged, it is replaced by
another tissue or organ from a donor

Tissue rejection
Tissue rejection occurs when the organ from the donor is
rejected by the recipients body. This is because the blood
type of the donor is different from the blood type of the
recipient.

We can prevent tissue rejection

by:
1. Having a tissue match
2. Consuming immunosuppressive drugs

Blood Groups
Long ago, large amount of blood loss
means death.
They tried to transfuse blood from other
people or animals, often results in fatal
results.

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The Red blood cells agglutinate in the

recipients body

The agglutinated blood clumps and blocking

the vessel and obstructed the blood flow

What
causes the
clumping of
blood

Antigens are located on

the surface of red blood
cells
Our body also has its
own antigens and
antibodies, but these
natural antibodies will
not react with our own
antigens .

Blood Groups

Do you know that

blood flows through
circulatory system?

The circulatory system

By:
Adeline Lauren Lee

Components of the circulatory

system :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Blood capillaries
Venules
Veins

Do you know
that arteries
carry
oxygenated
blood away
from heart?

arteries
Arteries
branch
to from
arteriole
s.

arterioles

ca
d
o
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l
B

lla
i
p

s
e
ri

Capillaries have walls that

are made up of only a single
layer of flattened cells called
endothelium
-

Endothelium cell
is partially
permeable.
Capillaries branch
repeatedly , to
provide large surface
area for exchange of
substance

Venules and veins

Before the
capillaries
leave the
organ/tissue
they will
unite and
form small
veins called
venule.
Venules will
later joined
together and
form veins

More about
arteries

Arteries have thick

elastic walls to
withstand the high
blood pressure that
came directly from
heart.
The elasticity enables
the artery to stretch
and recoil or spring
back. This helps the
blood spurts along
the artery and also
give a rise to the
pulse.
When an artery
constricts, its lumen
become narrower, but
when an artery
dilates the lumen will
become wider.

e
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o
M

u
o
ab

s
n
i
e
v
t

Contain less elastic

tissue. But they
have internal
valves along their
length to prevent
back flow. This
valves are called
semi-lunar valves

Much lower
blood
pressure
compare to
blood
pressure in
arteries.

Exercising the
muscles
increases the
pressure
exerted on the
veins and
moves the
blood along
quickly since
the movement
of blood along
the veins is
assisted by the
action of
skeletal
muscles on the
veins

Tissue
fluid

can be found in the tiny space between tissu

cells

How are substance transferred between

capillaries and tissue cell?
Dissolved food
substance and
oxygen

Tissue fluid

cell

Metabolic waste

Tissue fluid

Blood

The blood transport the metabolic

waste to the excretory organs for
removal

Red blood cells change shape

as they flow through narrow
blood capillaries

if the blood
capillaries are
narrow, the red
blood cells can only
move through the
lumen of the blood
capillaries
in become
a line.
The
RBC might
bell shape as they pass
through narrow blood
capillaries . The
advantages are:
-the diameter of RBC
is reduced it
-the cell increases its
surface area
- rate of blood flow is

Double Circulation in
Mammals
By: Clarissa
Do you know that
we have different
circulation?

Single circulation in fish

Double circulation in mammals

Single vs Double circulation

Pulmonary circulation
consist of:
Pulmonary arteries which
carry blood to the lungs
Oxygenated blood is
returned to the heart by
pulmonary veins

Systemic circulation
consist of:

Double cirulation

Oxygenated blood leaves

the left side of the heart and
is distributed by arteries to
all parts of the body
Veins carry the blood from
all parts of the body back to
the right side of the heart.

Advantages!
Blood

entering the lungs is at a

lower pressure compared to
blood leaving the heart.
blood flows more slowly trough
the lungs, allowing sufficient time
for the blood to be well
oxygenated before it is returned
to the heart.

Heart

pumps oxygenated blood

e
t
x
E

l
a
Structure
of
the
Heart
n
r

Uses of pericardial fluids:

Prevent damage
caused by the friction
Shock absorbers

Inside the
pericardiu
m

l
a
Structure
of
the
Heart
n
r
e
t
In
The 2 sides of
the lungs are
seperated by a
muscular wall
called MEDIAN
SEPTUM

Heart valves
They are called
tricuspid and
bicuspid valve
according to the
amount of flaps
present in each
valve

3 Flaps

2 Flaps

What paths does

blood take
through the
heart??

4.Ventricldes
relax. Semilunar valves
close. This
produces
dub sound
5.Atria
contracts
again, the
whole cycle
repeats

1. Atria contract,
forcing blood
into the
relaxed
ventricle

2.Ventricle
contracts ,AV
valve close. This
produce lub
sound
3.As ventricle
contract, atria
relax. The atria
start to receives
blood again

Facts about the cardiac cycle

Contraction of the ventricles is called

ventricular systole
Relaxation of the ventricles is called
ventricular diastole
It last for 0.8
seconds
Average normal
heartbeat:
72 beats / minute

One
hearbeat

Blood pressure
They are
always
measured in
mmHg

Tools to measure blood

pressure
Sphygmomanometer

Diagrammatic representation of blood pressure

in the circulatory system of a mammal

Blood pressure chart

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It ritt sto re
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p ia su
/d res
p

Pressure changes in the

heart
The diagram for the
right side of the heart
are also the same, but
with lower pressure

This is the diagram

from left side of the
heart

Main veins and arteries

Veins
Pulmonary veins : brings oxygenated blood
from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Anterior ( superior ) vena cava : returns
deoxygenated blood from the head, neck and
arms to the right atrium
Posterior ( inferior ) vena cava : brings
deoxygenated blood from the liver, stomach,
intestines, kidneys and hind limbs to the right
atrium
Renal vein : brings deoxygenated blood from
the kidneys to the posterior vena cava
Hepatic vein : brings deoxygenated blood
from the liver to the posterior vena cava
Hepatic portal vein : brings deoxygenated

Arteries
Pulmonary arteries : brings deoxygenated
blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Aorta : brings oxygenated blood round the
body
Hepatic arteries : brings oxygenated blood to
the liver
Mesenteric arteries : brings oxygenated blood
the stomach and intestines
Renal arteries : brings oxygenated blood to the
kidney
Iliac arteries : brings oxygenated blood to the
hind limbs

Coronary heart disease

By

:Ruiz Orlando

Coronary heart disease

Atherosclerosis:
when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in
the inner walls of arteries, these substance can narrow
the lumen and block the flow of blood. the blood clot
that forms in the artery is called thrombosis.

Hypertension
-Hypertension: hypertension is the high blood pressure in the
arteries. When atherosclerosis occurs the blood pressure of the
arteries will increase. If the arteries cannot hold the pressure,
the arteries may explode leading to death of a person.

Preventive measure against

coronary heart disease

Video