Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Applications:
Regulated switch mode dc power supplies
dc motor drives
dc-dc Converters:
Step-down (buck) converter
Step-up (boost) converter
Step-down/step-up (buck-boost) converter
Cuk converter
Full-bridge converter
7-1
7-2
t on v control
^
Ts
V st
7-4
Average
1 Ts output: 1
V0
Ts
v0 t dt
ton
Vd DVd
Ts
t on
Ts
Ts
t on
Vd dt 0 dt
Applications:
regulated switch mode dc power supplies
dc motor drives
t on
Ts
v dt v dt v dt 0
L
ton
Vd V0 ton V0 Ts ton
or
V0 ton
D
Vd Ts
duty ratio
I d V0 D
Buck converter is like a dc transformer where the turns ratio can be controlled
electronically in a range of 0-1 by controlling D of the switch
7-6
Example..
For a buck converter, R=1 ohm, Vd=40 V, V0=5 V, fs=4 kHz. Find the duty ratio
and on time of the switch.
7-7
Solution.
D = V0 /Vd = 5/40 = 0.125 = 12.5%
Ts = 1/fs = 0.25 s = 250 s
Ton = DTs = 31.25 s
Toff = Ts ton = 218.75 s
When the switch is on: VL = Vd - V0 = 35 V
When the switch is off: VL = -V0 = - 5 V
I0 = IL = V0 / R = 5 A
Id = D I0 = 0.625 A
7-8
Applications:
regulated switch mode power supplies
Regenerative braking of dc motors
7-9
Vd ton Vd V0 toff 0
Dividing both side by Ts
V0
Ts
1
Vd
toff 1 D
7-11
7-12
V0
D
Vd 1 D
Id
D
7-13
7-14
7-16
Vd D Ts Vd Vc1 1 D Ts 0
L2 :
Vc1
1
Vd
1 D
Vc1 Vd D Ts V0 1 D Ts 0
Vc1
1
V0
D
Vd I 0 1 D
7-17
7-18
7-19
Boost converter
iin + v L1
Vin
Iout
+
Vout
L1
C
SEPIC converter
iin + v L1
Vin
L1
+ v C1
Iout
+
Vout
C1
L2
v L2
+ v C1
+
C1
L2
v L2
20
7-20
Switch closed
assume constant
iin + Vin
Vin
L1
+ Vin
+ v D
Iout
+
Vout
C1
L2
v L2
iin + Vin
Vin
L1
(Vin + Vout) +
+ Vin
Iout
C1
L2
Vin
+
Iout
+
Vout
7-21
assume constant
+ Vin
iin Vout +
L1
Vin
Iout
C1
L2
+
Vout
+
Vout
DVin
Vout
1 D
7-22
I in + 0
Vin
L1
I in
+ Vin
C1
Iout
L2
Iout
Iout
+
0
+
Vout
23
7-23
vAN=Vd
(if TA+ is ON and TA- is OFF) :: output current will flow through
TA+ if io is positive or it will flow through DA+ if io is negative
vAN=0
(if TA- is ON and TA+ is OFF) :: output current will flow through
TA- if io is negative or it will flow through DA- if io is positive
Vd ton 0 toff
Ts
Vd duty ratio of TA
where ton and toff are the ON and OFF intervals of TA+, respectively. Output voltage
is independent of the direction of io
7-25
Output voltage V0 (=VAN-VBN) can be controlled by controlling the switch duty ratios
7-26
7-27
vtri V tri
t
Ts
0t
Ts
at t t1
t1
vcontrol Ts
4
V
tri
1
ton 2t1 Ts
2
ton 1
v
1 control
Ts 2
V tri
TA , TB
Vd
V tri
vcontrol kvcontrol
7-28
Comparison of Converters
Buck converter: step-down, has one switch, simple, high efficiency greater
than 90%, provides one polarity output voltage and unidirectional output
current
Boost converter: step-down, has one switch, simple, high efficiency,
provides one polarity output voltage and unidirectional output current,
requires a larger filter capacitor and a larger inductor than those of a buck
converter
Buck-boost converter: step-up/step-down, has one switch, simple, high
efficiency, provides output voltage polarity reversal
Cuk converter: step-up/step-down, has one switch, simple, high efficiency,
provides output voltage polarity reversal, additional capacitor and inductor
needed
Full-bridge converter: four-quadrant operation, has multiple switches, can
be used in regenerative braking
7-29
Conclusions
In many industrial applications, it is required to convert fixed dc voltage
into variable dc voltage
Various types of dc-to-dc converters
Operation of dc-to-dc converters
The step-down, step-up, buck-boost and Cuk converters are only capable
of transferring energy only in one direction
A full-bridge converter is capable of a bidirectional power flow
Like ac transformers, dc converters can be used to step-up or step-down a
dc voltage source
Applications: electric automobiles, trolley cars, marine hoists, mine
haulers, etc.
Also used in regenerative braking of dc motors to return energy back into
the supply energy savings for transportation systems with frequent stops
7-30