STRUGGLE

FOR
RIGHTS
AND
FREEDOM

MUSLIM WARS (1578 1898)

Brought

about by the following reasons:

- The Spanish invasion of Mindanao and

Sulu
- Preservation of Islam
- The love of adventure arising from the
spoils of wars

1597

- Governor Francisco de Sande sent forces to

Jolo, under the command of Captain Esteban
Rodriguez de Figueroa
- Sultan Pangiran Budiman resisted the attack.
- Sulu fell into Spanish hands
1599

- Sirungan and Salikala prepared a stronger force

of 70 vessels and 4000 warriors
- Arevalo, Iloilo province (1000 Visayan Warriors
and 70 Spanish arquebusiers under the command of
Don Juan Garcia de Sierra)

June

23, 1635

- Father Melchor de Vera along with 1000

Visayans began the building of the stone fort in
the province.
- This fort was named Fort Pilar (Nuestra
Seora del Pilar, the Patroness of Zamboanga),
which helped the government forces in their
campaign against the belligerent natives.

 1600-1650

- Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat held

powers in regions from the Gulf of Davao all the way
to Dapitan.

March

13, 1637
- Governor Corcuera with his SpanishFilipino troops landed at the mouth of Rio de
Grande de Mindanao
- Lamitan (Sultan Kudarats capital in
Cotabato) fell into the hands of the Spaniards
- Kudarat retreated to a hill called Ilihan
- Corcueras troops assaulted the place.
- Defeated by the Spaniards, Kudarat was
able to escape with his brave wife carrying a
baby.

 May

24
- Corcuera returned to Manila and was given a
conquerors welcome with music, religious festivals,
and a moro-moro performance.
1645

- Tausugs finally liberated

Jolo from Spanish forces.
1749

- Sultan Alimud Din I was

deposed by his brother Bantilan
because of his friendship with the Spaniards

January

2, 1750

- Sultan and his family, together with his faithful

followers arrived in Manila.
-the sultan was royally received by Bishop Juan de
Arrechedera
April

28, 1750

- Sultan was baptized by the Dominican fathers at

Paniqui, Tarlac.
- He was named Don Fernando Alimud Din I, the
first Christian sultan in Jolo
- Israel and Fatima

 1751

- Gov. Gen. Jose Francisco de Obando wanted

Alimud Din I to regain his throne in Jolo.
- The sultan left Manila for Jolo and stopped at
Zamboanga
- shipped back to Manila and later imprisoned at
Fort Santiago
- Gov. Gen. Pedro Manuel de Arandia release him
and granted him royal privileges.
1762

- the British troops rescued him at Pasig and later

restored to his throne in Jolo.

 1769

- the Moros landed at Malate and plundered the place.

1848

- Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria attacked the Samals at

Balanguingui.
December

11, 1850

- Gov. Gen. Antonio de

Urbiztondo left Manila for
Zamboanga in a command
of a force consisting 100 troops
of artillery and 500 infantry to subjugate the Muslims of
Sulu.
- January 1851 (sailed in Jolo)

1861

- the sultan finally recognized Spanish Sovereignty.

- Datu Ugto (upper Pulangi)
1874

- Admiral Jose Malcampo prepared a mighty armada for

the invasion of Jolo. (End of Tausugs on Christian
pueblos)
March

1, 1876
- Sultan Jamalul Alam worked for peace with Spaniards
- transferred his capital to Maimbung

 January

22, 1878
- Sultan Alam leased Sabah to Mr. Alfred Dent &
Baron Gustavus Von Overbeck (5000 Malayan dollars)
- padjack, which means lease
- increased to 5300 Malayan dollars (1903-1963)
1886

- Gov. Gen. Emilio

Terrero (Cotabato)
- destroyed some kutas
of Datu Utto but failed to crush
Uttos fighters. (return to Manila)

1891

- Gov. gen. Valeriano Weyler

(butcher) invaded Lanao.
- August 21, 1891, he won the First
Battle of Marawi in Lanao Lake.
- Datu Amai Pakpak was able to escape
- However, he was empowered by
Datu Ali Jimbangan and his fierce
krismen (warriors)

 1895

- Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco

invaded Lanao Lake region.
- attacked Marawi on
March 10, 1895
- 2nd battle of Marawi,
Datu Amai Pakpak died.
Blanco won his battle, but
he failed to conquer Lanao
unlike Terrero and Weyler.
- jihad (holy war)

 December

10, 1898

- the bitter warfare between the Spaniards and the

Muslims ended, after signing of the Peace Treaty of
Paris, which ended the Spanish domination in the
Philippines.

THE RISE OF FILIPINO

NATIONALISM
Spread

of Liberalism
Sentiment against the principales
Racial prejudice
Cultural changes
Secularization controversy
Cavite Mutiny of 1872

SPREAD

OF LIBERALISM

- The thoughts of Montesquieu, Rousseau,

Voltaire, Locke, Jefferson were made known
through books and periodicals brought into the
country by men from foreign ports.
- When Spain opened the Philippine ports in
1834 to free trade, commercialization of
Philippine agriculture and economic expansion
greatly benefited the principalia in the
country.
- opening of Suez Canal in 1869

Locke
Jefferson

Montesquieu

 SENTIMENT AGAINST

THE PRINCIPALES

- There was a mounting dissatisfaction against the

principales (the political and social aristocracy,
which includes the prominent land-owning and
propertied citizens), accommodated as intermediaries
of the Spanish government from the inception of its
colonial rule.
- The masses had been skeptical about the local
aristocracy due to their proportion of influence in the
society. The Ilocano insurrection in 1815 was a
manifestation of the peoples cry to mass
movement.

 RACIAL PREJUDICE

- Filipino natives as belonging to the inferior

race and haughtily called them as indios.
- Natives could not rise beyond their limited
intelligence.
- Jose Rizals annotation of Antonio de
Morgas Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
denounced the allegations of the Spaniards that
the Filipinos were savages and had no culture
prior to the coming of the Western colonizers.

 SECULARIZATION

CONTROVERSY
- Regular priests belonged to religious orders.
Their main task was to spread Christianity.
- Secular priests did not belong to any religious
order. They were trained specifically to run the
parishes and were under the supervision of the
bishops.
- In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa
decided to uphold the dioceses authority over the
parishes and accepted the resignations of the regular
priests. He assigned secular priests to take their place.

- A royal decree was also issued on November 9,

1774, which provided for the secularization of all
parishes or the transfer of parochial administration
from the regular friars to the secular priests.
- The controversy became more intense when the
Jesuits returned to the Philippines. They had been
exiled from the country because of certain policies of
the order that the Spanish authorities did not like.
- Monsignor Pedro Pelaez , Archbishop Gregorio
Meliton Martinez andGOM-BUR-ZA
- In December 1870, Martinez wrote to the
Spanish Regent advocating secularization an
mentioned the discrimination against Filipino.

 CULTURAL CHANGES

- Young men from prosperous Chinese mestizo

and native families who are able to take up law,
medicine and pharmacy were able to see the
regressive colonial policies of Spain after being
enlightened with liberal ideas. (ilustrados)
- Carlos Maria de la Torre show his liberal
disposition in administering the government after
he invoked reforms in the government like the
revocation of press censorship and the abolition
of flogging as a form of punishment.

CAVITE

MUTINY OF 1872

- In 1868, a revolution led by the liberals in

Spain deposed Queen Isabella II and gave rise to
the Provisional Republic of Spain.
- Many colonial officials
with democratic ideas were sent
to Manila, which included
Gov. Gen. Carlos Maria de la
Torre in 1869.

- When Rafael de
Izquierdo replaced
Gov. De la Torre in 1871,
he promptly discarded
the liberal measures.

- On the night of January 20, 1872, about 200

Filipino soldiers and dock workers in the province of
Cavite mutinied and killed their Spanish officers under
the leadership of Sergeant Lamadrid.
- Fathers Mariano Gomez,
Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora
(GOM-BUR-ZA) were accused
of alleged conspiracy in the
rebellion. They were sentenced
to death by garrote on
February 17, 1872.

- Some were thrown into jail while the rest were

exiled to the Marianas Islands on March 14, 1872.
- Jose Maria Guevarra, Pedro Dandan, Joaquin
Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Maria Regidor, Maximo
Paterno, Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio, and Pio
Maria Basa (Flores de Maria)

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
AIM:

Peaceful assimilation, referring to the transition

of the Philippines from being a colony to a province
of Spain.
REFORMS:
1. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the
laws
2. Restoration of the Philippine representation in the
Spanish Cortes
3. Secularization of Philippine Parishes
4. The expulsion of the friars
5. Human rights of Filipinos

 Those

who joined this peaceful campaign were:

- Filipino exiles of 1872
- the patriots who left the islands to escape persecution
- those who have been to Spain for their studies

TORIBIO

(brother of M. H. del Pilar)

- a priest, was implicated in the Cavite Mutiny and
exiled.
- He joined in dupluhan and dalitan or literary
jousts during fiestas.
- During a pintakasi (cockfighting day), he spoke
out to the crowd by satirizing corrupt officials and friars.

 MARCELO

H. DEL PILAR
- In 1882, he helped established
the first bilingual
(in Spanish and Tagalog)
newspaper, the
Diariong Tagalog.
- Between 1887-1888, when manifestos against the
friars were distributed to the public, he released Dasalan at
Tocsohan (Prayers and Mockeries), a manual of
anticlerical commentary in the format of novena.
- He parodied the Lords Prayer, Hail Mary, the
Apostles Creed, the Ten Commandments, the Act of
Contrition, and the catechism.

 GRACIANO

LOPEZ JAENA
- He parodied religious
literature in his satire.
- he wrote Fray Botod
or Friar Potbelly where he
ridiculed the Spanish friars
who became very fat for
eating too much and living
in luxury at the expense of poor
Filipinos, whom they abuse.

 DR.

JOSE RIZAL
-His Noli Me Tangere
reflected the defects of the
Spanish rule in the Philippines,
particularly the abuses of the
friars.

PEDRO

A. PATERNO - Ninay (first Filipino novel,

1885), volume of melodious poems Sampaguitas
(1880) and a historical book, La Antigua Civilizacion
Tagalog (1887).

 ANTONIO

LUNA
- pharmacist and essayist
- Impresiones, a
collection of essays
describing the customs of
Spaniards in Madrid
PEDRO

SERRANO LAKTAW
- teacher-tutor of Prince
Alfonso de Bourbon
(King Alfonso XIII of Spain)

 ISABELO

DE LOS REYES folklorist and

newspaperman
- El Folk-Lore Filipino (1887) and Historia de
Ilocos (1890, 2 volumes)
JUAN

LUNA Spolarium

 FELIX

RESURRECCION HIDALGO Virgenes

Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins
Exposed to the Rabble)

JUAN

ATAYDE a Spaniard born in Manila founded

the Circulo Hispano-Filipino

PROFESSOR

MIGUEL MORAYTA Rizals professor

at Central University of Madrid, tried to form the
Asociation Hispano-Filipino in January 2, 1889, for the
purpose of securing reforms for the Philippines.
- PRESIDENT: Prof. Morayta; VICE: Gen. Felipe de la
Corte; SECRETARY: Dominador Gomez

 LA SOLIDARIDAD

- a purely Filipino organization,

was established in Barcelona
on December 31, 1888. This
took place at a traditional
New Years Eve banquet
with Galicano Apacible as
president and Graciano Lopez
Jaena as vice president.
(Rizal who as in London during that time, was named
as the honorary president)

-It was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to October

31, 1889, then in Madrid, where it was printed from November
15, 1889 until its last issue on November 15, 1895.
-CONRIBUTORS:
Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel)
Dr. Jose Rizal (Dimas Alang, Laong Laan)
Mariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulako, or Tikbalang)
Antonio Luna (Taga-Ilog)
Some foreigners: Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt and Dr.
Morayta
- In the last issue of La Solidaridad, M. H. del Pilar wrote
his farewell editorial saying: We are persuaded that no
sacrifices are too little to win the rights and the liberty of a
nation that is oppressed by slavery.

 REVOLUCION

the first Filipino Masonic Lodge,

was founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona
- recognized by Grande Oriental Espaol headed by
Morayta in April 1889.
- It ended after Lopez Jaena resigned as Worshipful
Master on November 29, 1889.
LODGE

SOLIDARIDAD - organized by M. H. del

Pilar in Madrid with the help of Julio Llorente.
- Grande Oriental Espaol recognized it in May
1890.
- Dr. Jose Rizal, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Baldomero
Roxas, Galicano Apacible and others.

 LODGE

NILAD - first masonic lodge in Manila

founded on January 6, 1892
- They wanted a dignified, free and prosperous
country with a democratic regime and a genuine and
effective autonomy, and a good government.
Women

members:
- Rosario Villaruel, a member of Lodge Walana
on July 18, 1893
- Trinidad Rizal, Romualda Lanuza, Josefa Rizal,
Marina Dizon, Sixta Fajardo, Valeriana Legazpi, and
Purificacion Leyva

 LA LIGA FILIPINA

Rizal wrote the constitution

with the help of Jose Ma. Basa
- In Hong Kong, Rizal drafted a proposal to Gov.
Gen. Eulogio Despujol to establish a Filipino colony in
Sabah, Borneo, but the latter refused.
- After arriving in Manila on June 26, 1892, Rizal
conferred with the governor to obtain pardon for his
family.
-On the night of July 3, 1892, Rizal founded La
Liga Filipina at the residence of Doroteo Ongjunco in
Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila with Ambrosio Salvador as
president; Deodato Arellano, secretary; Bonifacio
Arevalo, treasurer; and Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal.

Present in the meeting:

- Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Panday Pira); Domingo Franco
(Felipe Leal); Jose A. Ramos (Socorro); Moises Salvador
(Araw); Faustino Villaruel (Ilaw); Numeriano Adriano (Ipil);
Apolinario Mabini (Katabay); and Andres Bonifacio (May
Pag-asa)
-Unus Instar Omnium (one like all)
- OBJECTIVES:
Unification of the whole archipelago into one compact,
vigorous, and homogenous body
Protection in cases of want and necessity
Defense against violence and injustice
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce
The study and implementation of reforms

- Bonifacio exerted great effort to organiza

chapters in various districts in Manila.
- Rizal himself cause the circulation of the
handbill, Ang Karapatan ng Tao (Tagalog and
Spanish)
- Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1789
(french)
-July 6, 1892, Rizal was arrested by Gov. Gen.
Despujol and imprisoned him in Fort Santiago
- deportation of Rizal to Dapitan, Zamboanga de
Norte as punishment for his allegedly subversive
materials

THE KATIPUNAN
JULY 7,

1892

Bonifacio

and his friend met secretly at Diodato

Arellanos House at No. 72 Azcarraga street near
Elcano Tondo Manila. They decided to form to form a
secret society, modelled in part on Masonic Order
called Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katpunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan, otherwise known as K.K.K.
or Katipunan, dedicated to national independence
through armed revolution.

The

men gathered in a flickering table lamp, signed

their membership paper with their own blood.

 It

was agreed that the members be recruited by

means of the triangle method.

More

than a secret society, the katipunan was a

government itself with a constitution promulgated
in 1892 and another constitution replacing the first
one in 1894.

 Officers

of the Supreme Council:

Diodato Arellano President
Andres Bonifacio Comptroller
Ladislao Diwa Fiscal
Teodro Plata Secretary
Valentine Diaz Treasurer

There

were also women members of the Katipunan.

Among them were, Georgia de Jesus, Benita
Rodriguez and Josefa and Trinidad Rizal.

The

womens chapter of the Katipunan was born

during the presidency of Roman Basa in July 1893.

 Josefa

Rizal was elected president of the womens chapter called

La Semilla.

Bonifacio

deposed Arellano as president in meeting in February

1893 because of the latters inaction. However, early in 1895,
Bonifacio realized that Roman Basa was ineffective as Arellano,
that he called a meeting of the society and readily deposed Basa.
Bonifacio himself was elected Supremo.

Benita

Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de Jesus, made a

flag, which consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with
three white Ks arranged horizontally at the center. This was the
first official flag of the society.

Knowing

the importance of a primer, Emilio Jacinto prepared

one, which he called Kartilla.

 13
I.
II.
III.

IV.

V.

TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNANS

KARTILLA

Life, which is not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause,

is like a tree without a shadow, if not a poisonous weed.
A good deed that springs from a desire for personal profit
and not from a desire to do good is not kindness.
True greatness consists in being charitable, in loving ones
fellow men and in adjusting every movement, deed and
word to true Reason.
All men are equal, be the color of their skin black or
white. One maybe superior to another in knowledge,
wealth and beauty, but cannot be superior in being.
He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains; he who is
mean prefers personal profit to honor.

To a man with a sense of shame, his word is inviolate.

VII. Dont fritter away time; lost riches may be recovered,
but time lost will never come again.
VIII. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
IX. An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and
knows how to keep the secrets that must be guarded.
X. In the thorny part of life, man is the guide of his wife
and children; if he who guides moves towards evil,
they who are guided likewise move toward evil.
XI. Think not of woman as a thing merely to while away
with time, but as a helper and partner in the hardships
of life. Respect her in her weakness, and remember
the mother who brought you into this world and who
cared for you in the childhood.
VI.

What you do not want done in your wife, daughter and sister,
do not do to the wife, daughter and sister of another.
XIII. The nobility of a man does not consist in being a king, nor in
the highness of the nose and the whiteness of the skin, nor in
being a priest representing God, nor in the exalted position on
this earth, but pure and truly noble is he who, though born in
the woods, is possessed of an upright character; who is true
to his word; who has dignity and honor; who does not oppress
and does not help those oppress; who knows how to look after
and love the land of his birth. When these doctrines spread
and the Sun of beloved liberty shines with brilliant effulgence
on these unhappy isles and sheds its soft rays upon the united
people and brothers in everlasting happiness, the lives, labors,
and sufferings of those who are gone shall be more than
recompensed. (Teodoro Agoncillo, History of the Filipino
People, Quezon City: Malaya Books, 1970, p.181)
XII.

 Bonifacio

wrote a Decalogue or 10 commandments

titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(Duties to be Observed by the Sons of the Country)

In

1894, the Katipunan bought an old hand press with

the money donated by two patriotic Filipinos from
Visayan Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban.

Under

Emilio Jacintos supervision, two patriotic

printers, Fautino Duque and Ulpiano Fernandez,
printed the Kalayaan, the organ of the Katipunan, to
disseminate the ideals of the society.

Published in the Kalayaan was an essay titled Ang Dapat Mabatid

ng mga Tagalog (What the Filipinos Should Know) attributed to
Bonifacio. This composition dealt with the three questions asked of
Katipunan applicants:
What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish
conquest?
What is the condition of the country today?
What will be the Philippines be tomorrow?

On April 10, 1895, Bonifacio and his companions including Emilio

Jacinto, Restituto Javier, and Guillermo Masangkay entered the
Pamitinan Cave (Cave of Bernardo Carpio) on Mount Tapusi in the
mountain ranges of San Mateo and Montalban. There they held a
secret session leading to the initiation rites of new recruits. After the
session, Aurelio Tolentino picked up a piece of charcoal and wrote
on the cave wall in Spanish, Viva La Independencia Filipina!

 In

the early part of 1895, Bonifacio became the

Supremo (head of the Supreme Council). He also
occupied this position in the fourth and fifth elections
of the Supreme Council, in December 1895 and August
1896, respectively.

On

June 15, 1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, acting as

Bonifacios emissary, sailed for Dapitan to get Rizals
support for the armed revolution. To cover his real
mission from Spanish authorities, he brought with him
a blind man named Raymundo Mata, who was in need
of Dr. Rizals medical services. Rizal did not agree to
the Katipunans plans of an armed uprising since the
people were not ready for it.

THE REVOLUTION OF 1896

On July 5, 1896, Manuel Sityar, the Spanish lieutenant of the

Civil Guards stationed at Pasig, reported the questionable
activities of some Filipinos.

The

Katipunan was finally discovered on August 19. Teodoro

Patino, a member of the Katipunan betrayed the secrecy of it to
Father Mariano Gil, an Augustinian parish curate.

On August

21-22, Bonifacio called for a meeting at the house of

Vidal Acab, then to the residence of Apolonio Samson in
Kangkong Caloocan to issue the call to arms. Emilio Jacinto
summoned the heads of Katipunan Councils to Kangkong to
discuss their measures against the Spanish forces.

 August

23, Bonifacio, Jacinto, and other Katipuneros met

at Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin, Balintawak, north of Manila
and gathered at the residence of Melchora Aquino, known
as Tandang Sora.

In

the mass meeting held in the yard of a son of Melchora

Aquino, the Katipuneros tore their cedulas personales, the
symbol of the Filipino vassalage to Spain at the same
time shouting, Long live the Philippines! Long live the
Katipunan!

Bonifacio

led his army to attack the polverin in San Juan

at the dawn of Sunday, August 30, 1896. This is known as
the Battle of the Pinaglabanan.

 August

29, Melchora Aquino was arrested by the

Guardia Civil at Pasong Putik Nvaliches and jailed at
Bilibid for giving aids to the Katipuneros.
In the afternoon of August 30, Governor General
Ramon Blanco, in trying to quell the Philippine
Revolution, issued a decree declaring a state of war in
Manila and seven Luzon provinces Cavite, Laguna,
Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac
and placed them under Martial Law.
On September 4, four members of the Katipunan were
executed at Bagumbayan. On September 12, thirteen
were put to death at Plaza de Armas, near the Fort of
San Felipe in Cavite and are now remembered as Los
Trece Martires.

 Rizal

was arrested while on his way to Cuba to serve as

doctor for the Spanish army. On November 20, Dr. Jose
Rizal appeared before Colonel Francisco Garcia Olive to
answer the charges filed against him. By December 26,
the litigation of Rizal took place before a military court.
Two days after, Governor Camilo Polavieja approved he
verdict. Convicted of sedition, rebellion, and ilicit
associations, Rizal was executed by a firing squad at
Bagumbayan Field on December 30, 1896, at 7:03 am.

The

Katipuneros in Cavite rose in arms on August 31,

1896. They assaulted the tribunal of San Francisco de
Malabon. At Cavite el Viejo, the Magdalo troops led by
Candido Tria Tirona attacked the enemy garrison.

 In

the morning of September 5, Emilio and his men assailed

the Spanish troops stationed at Imus under the command of
General Eusebio Aguirre.

On

December 4, 1896 the Katipunan members of Balangay

Dimasalang met at Bigaa in the province of Bulacan.

On

January 1, 1897, the Government troops under General

Olaguer-Feliu rushed to fortifications of Kakarong and
launched a massive assault against the people including
civilians.

With

the objective of ending the revolution Governor

Polavieja launched an all-out offensive on February 15, 1897
in Cavite.

 On

February 25, 1897, the town of Dasmarinas,

Cavite was taken by the Spanish troops led by
General Antonio Zabala.

On

May 17, the Katipuneros led by Francisco del

Castillo attacked a Spanish Garrison in Aklan.

RIVALRY IN THE KATIPUNAN

Upon

invitation of the Magdiwang provincial in

Cavite, Bonifacio left his hideout in Morong. On
December 1, 1896, he and his wife together with his
two brothers, General Lucino and 20 soldiers arrived
in Cavite.

The

Magdalo Council hosted a general assembly of

both factions in Imus on December 31. Bonifacio
conducted the meeting.

 The

Magdiwang insisted that there was no need to

create a revolutionary government because the
Katipunan was actually a government with a
constitution and bylaws recognized by everyone.
General Edilberto Evangelista tried to reconcile the
two groups by drafting a constitution establishing the
Philippine Republic

The

second convention of these two Katipunan

faction was held on March 22, 1897 at Tejeros, San
Francisco de Malabon, Cavite. Majority of those who
attended are the Magdiwangs. General Aguinaldo and
other Magdalo officials were absent because they
were defending the Magdalo towns that time.

NEW ELECTED OFFICIALS

President Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice-President Mariano Trias
Captain General Artemio Ricarte
Director of War Emiliano Riego de Dios
Director of the Interior Andres Bonifacio
Daniel

Tirona, a Magdalo, protested Bonifacios

election saying that his position should be occupied
by a lawyer. He suggested a Caviteno lawyer, Jose del
Rosario for the post.

 A day

after Tejeros assembly, March 23, Bonifacio

gathered his followers and drafted a document called
Acta de Tejeros signed by Bonifacio and 44 other
plotters.

Another

secret meeting was held on April 9, 1897 at

the friar estate house in Naic. Bonifacio and his coconspirators drew up another document called the
Naic Military Pact, signed by 41 men, including
Bonfacio, Ricarte, Pio del Pilar and Severino de las
Alas

 President Aguinaldo

convoked a revolutionary
assembly in Naic. The following matters were taken up:
adoption of a new red flag with a white sun of eight
rays, a standard uniform for the soldiers the rayadillo
and a set of new rules fixing military ranks and their
insignias; and the reorganization of he revolutionary
army.

Bonifaio

with his wife Gregoria, his two brothers and

loyal followers fled to Limbon.

Ciriaco

Bonifacio and two soldiers were killed, while

Bonifacio himself was wounded in the left arm and
neck.

 The

case of Bonifacio brothers evolved quite rapidly

after a Council of war headed by General Mariano
Noriel was created. The trial began on May 5, with
Placido Martinez as defense attorney for Bonifacio
and Teodoro Gonzales for Procopio. Tragically
Bonifacio brothers were given the penalty of death
the next day. The charges were treason, conspiracy to
assassinate President Aguinaldo and bribery.

Makapagal

took four men with him and opened the

letter upon the request of Bonifacio. Makapagal
followed the order and executed them at Mount
Nagpatong, Maragondon

 On

the same day, the Spanish army attacked

Maragondon. Upon Makapagals return he found the
Filipinos retreating. On May 12, after two days of
defending the town, Aguinaldo and his men were
compelled to leave.

Governor

General Rivera issued a decree granting

pardon to rebels who would give up their arms and
surrender until May 17. Most Filipino simply ignored
this decree.

On

June 14, the Spanish troops led by Colonel Dujiols

attacked the rebel camp at Mount Puray. After six hours
of bloody fighting, they won over the Spaniards.

 After

the battle of Mount Puray, President Aguinaldo

organized the Department of Central Luzon under the
jurisdiction of the revolutionary government. The
Department Government was headed by Father Pedro
Dandan, canonist of the Manila Cathedral as
President with Dr. Anastacio Francisco, VicePresident; Paciano Rizal, Secretary of the Treasury;
Cipriano Pacheco, Secretary of War; Teodoro
Gonzales, Secretary of the Interior; and Feliciano
Jocson as Secretary of Welfare.

THE BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

June 24, 1897

Arrival of Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo

and his men at Biak-na-Bato in
Bulacan Province.

November 1,
1897

Adoption of the Provisional

Constitution of the Philippine
Republic.
The Biak-na-Bato Republic was
also inaugurated.

THE BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

President: Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice President: Mariano Trias

THE BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

Secretary of the
Interior:
Secretary of
Foreign Affairs:

Isabelo Artacho
Antonio Montenegro

Secretary of the
Treasury:

Baldomero Aguinaldo

Secretary of
War:

Emiliano Riego de Dios

THE BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

December 1897

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato was formed.

Dec. 14, 1897

First two documents was signed.

Dec. 15, 1897

Third document was signed.

Dec. 25, 1897

Arrival at Lingayen, Pangasinan.

Dec. 27, 1897

Aguinaldo nd 25 other leaders sailed to

Hongkong on board the steamer Uranus.

Jan. 23, 1898

The Spanish government announced the

end of hostilities.

THE BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

March 7,
1898

March 25, 1898

April 17, 1898

The revolutionaries in Zambales

besieged the cable station at
Bolinao and seized the telegraph
line connected to Manila.
Pantaleon Villegas revolt in Cebu.
General Francisco Makabulos
established a provincial
revolutionary government with a
constitution written by him.

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

The Spanish-American war broke out on April 25,
1898.
Factors that contributed to the United States
decision to open hostilities against Spain:
Cubans struggle for independence
Efforts of the Americans to extend influence
overseas
The sinking of the US Warship Maine
Americas belief in Manifest Destiny

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

On April 19, the Us Congress passed several
resolutions demanding the pull out of Spanish
forces in Cuba.
To save her honor, Spain declared war against
United States on April 24.
The next day US declared war on Spain and thus
the Spanish-American war begun.
Past noon of April 25, Commodore George Dewey
was instructed to proceed against the Spanish fleet
anchored in Manila Bay.

THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN
COLLABORATION
At the time of the Spanish-American war, General
Emilio Aguinaldo was in Singapore were he had
negotiations with the American consul general, Mr.
E. Spencer Pratt.
The Battle of Manila Bay began on May 1,1898 at
5:40 a.m. and ended at noon. This battle made
Commodore George Dewey an instant hero.

THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN
COLLABORATION
The German fleet led by Admiral Von Diedrichs had
angered Dewey. He sent an ultimatum to Diedrichs
to stop it or else fight. Diedrichs, fearing to risk
battle ended his hostile activities.
On May 19, 1898, General Aguinaldo arrived in
Cavite and resumed command of the rebel forces.
On May 24, 1898, General Aguinaldo established a
dictatorial government.

THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN
COLLABORATION
On May28, the Consultative Assembly instituted by
Governor General Basilio Augustin met for the first
time.
On the same day, Aguinaldos new army repulsed
the Spanish marines at Alapan, a barrio in Imus
Cavite.
The capture of Manila was the principal objective of
Aguinaldo. He and his troops commanded by
General del Pilar, Pio del Pilar, Artemio Ricarte, and
Mariano Noriel, surronded the city.

THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN
COLLABORATION
Aguinaldos men had cut off the supply of foods
and potable water in the city. The population
suffered terribly during the siege.
Aguinaldo offered Governor General Augustin terms
for an honorable surrender but the latter rejected
him. Dewey demanded the surrender of Manila on
August 7. Consequently, the Spanish governor
general honorably conceded.