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Chapter 7:

HEAT

7.1 Heat as a form of energy


1) Heat is a form of energy. The SI unit is joule, J
2) When heat energy is supplied to a substance,

the temperature of the substance will rise.


3) Heat flows from a hotter to a colder place.
This process of heat transfer will stop when the
temperature of the 2 places become the same.
4) Sources of heat:
Burning
can
produce
heat

Rubbing or
friction
between 2
objects can
produce
heat

Sourc
es of
heat

2 objects
hitting
each other
can
produce
heat

5) Useful of heat:

a) drying b) ironing
c) cooking
d) keeping
warm
Temperature
1) Temperature is the measure of the degree of
hotness or coldness of an object.
2) A thermometer is used to measure
temperature. The SI unit of temperature is the
kelvin, (K). However, the commonly used unit is
degree Celsius (0C).
3) Hot substances have high temperatures whereas
cold substances have low temperatures.

4) The difference between heat and temperature:

Heat

Temperat
ure

A form of energy

A measure of the
hotness or
coldness of an
object

Can do work

Cannot do work

SI unit = Joule (J)

SI unit = kelvin (K)

5) 3 types of thermometers:

Type of
thermome
ter

Range
temperatu
re

Use

Mercury in
glass laboratory
thermometer

-10 0C and 110


0
C

Measures
temperature
when doing
experiments

Clinical
thermometer

35 0C and 42 0C

Measures body
temperature

Alcohol in
glass
thermometer

-117 0C and 78
0
C

Measures very
low
temperatures

7.2 The effect


of heat flow
on matter

Matter

Is heated

Is cooled

Particles absorb
heat

Particles release
heat

Particles receive
energy and move
faster

The particles lose


energy and move
more slowly

The distance
between the
particles increase

The distance
between the particles
decreases

The volume of the


matter increases

The volume of the


matter decreases

The matter
expands

The matter
contracts

Expansion and Contraction (Solids)


1) A solid expands when it is heated. It contract
when it is cooled.
2)The expansion of solid can be shown by a metal

ball.
3) Different metals expand at different rates:
Aluminium
Brass
expansion
increases
Copper
Iron
Invar

4) Different metals expand unequally when heated to

the same temperature. This can be explained by


heating bimetallic strip.
Heated

Aluminium
Copper

* When heated, showing that aluminium expands


more than copper

Heated
Brass
Iron

* When heated, showing that brass expands more


than iron

Expansion and Contraction (Liquids)


1) A liquid expands when it is heated. It contract
when it is cooled.
2) Different liquids expands and contract at

difference rates

Benzene
Alcohol

increases
Water
expand
Mercury

Expansion and Contraction (gases)


1) Gases expands when it is heated and contract when cooled.
2) Different gases expands at the same rate.

Transfer of Heat
1) Heat can be transferred from a hot to a cold place by the
process of :
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation

CONDUCTION
1) Conduction is the transfer of heat energy between

neighboring molecules in a substance. It takes place


from a region of higher temperature (hot) to a region of
lower temperature (cold).
2) When one part of an object is heated, its get hot. The

particles there gain heat energy making them vibrate


stronger. They then collide and pass some heat energy
Heat transfer
to the neighbouring particles.
Iron rod

CONVECTION
1) Convection is the transfer of heat in fluids (liquids and

gases) carried out by moving particles.


2) Hot fluids become less dense and move upwards.

Cold fluids that are denser move down to replace the


hot fluids.
3) A convection current is produced.

Convection in liquid

Convection

RADIATION
1) Radiation is the transfer of heat without involving a

medium.
2) Radiation can take place through air space or a

vacuum.
3) Radiation heat moves at the speed of light.
4) Radiation heat can be absorbed or reflected

Comparison between conduction,


convection and radiation
Conducti
on

Convecti
on

Radiation

Medium

Solid

Fluid (liquid
or gas)

Solid, liquid or
gas / no
medium

Take place in
Vacuum

No

No

Yes

Speed

Slow

Faster than
conduction

Very fast

Way heat is
transfer

Heat is
transfer from
particle to
particle
through
vibration

Heat is
brought by
the heated
particles that
move
upwards

Heat moves in
the form of
waves in a
straight line

Heat Flow in Natural Phenomena


1) LAND BREEZE
1) Land breeze blow during the night.
2) At night , the land loses heat faster than the sea.
3) The land become cooler than the sea.
4) The warm air above the surface of the sea (less dense)
rises. The cool air above the land (denser) flow to the
sea

2) SEA BREEZE
1) Sea breeze blow during the day.

2) During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea.
3) The air on surface of the land become warm (less
dense) and rises .
4) The cooler air over the sea (denser) flows in to take
place of the warm air.

HEAT CONDUCTOR
1) Substance that conduct heat are called heat

conductor.
2) Some substances conduct heat readily (good heat
conductor)
3) All metal such as iron, magnesium, aluminium and zinc
are good conductors
Copperof heat.
Aluminium
Brass
conductor
Zinc
Tin
Iron
Lead

best

Uses of heat conductors

Cooking utensils

1)

Thermometer

2)

ooking utensil ( kettles, pots, pans) are


made from metals. Food can be cooked
uickly or water can be boiled quickly.

Electric iron

3)

Mercury in the bulb expands


and contracts easily.

The bottom of an electric iron is


made up of metals so that it can
heat up quickly

HEAT INSULATOR
1) Substance that conduct heat poorly are called

insulators
2) Non-metal such as glass, wood, cork, air, water and
wool are insulators.
3) Fluids (liquid, gas) are poor conductors of heat.
Uses of heat insulators.

1)

Handles
of kettle

Handles of kettles, irons and


cooking utensils such as pots and
frying pan are made of wood
or plastic

Application of the principle of convection in daily life


1) Ventilation of building

a) The hot air in the building will flow out through the
ventilation holes at the top. The cold air enters through the
holes (windows/door) on the lower part.
2) Refrigerator

a) Cold air from the freezer compartment at the top moves


down
to the lower part of the refrigerators. The hot air is
moved up.
3) The cooling system in a car (radiator of the car)

a) The water around the engine becomes hot when the


engine
moves. Hot water flows up through the radiator
and gets
cooled. The cold water moves down and flows
back around the
engine.

7.3 Effect of Heat on Matter


1) Matter exists in solids, liquids and gases. Matter can change from one

state to another.
Eg: Solid can be change to a liquid by heating. (heat absorb)
A liquid state can be change to a solid by cooling. (heat release)
Liquid

ng
i
t
el
M

n/
io
at
or ing
ap il
o
ti
Ev b
sa
en
n d on
Co

e
Fr

ng
i
ez

Sublimation

Solid

Sublimation

Gas

The change in the state of


matter.
Process

Change in
state

Absorb/
release
heat

Condensation

Gas-liquid

Release heat

Melting

Solid-liquid

Absorb heat

Freezing

Liquid-solid

Release heat

Evaporation/Boili
ng

Liquid - gas

Absorb heat

Sublimation

Solid-gas

Absorb heat

Sublimation

Gas-solid

Release heat

(Note in textbook)
Melting (pg 112-113)
Freezing (pg 113)
Boiling (pg 114, 1st paragraph)
Condensation (pg 114, 2nd paragraph)
Evaporation (pg 115) The process of changing a
liquid to a gas.

Sublimation (pg 116)

CHANGE IN STATE OF MATTER DAILY LIFE


1) Wet clothes when wet clothes dry in the sun, the water

in the
clothes evaporate.
2) Puddles of water - After a rain, there are puddles of
water on the
ground. When the sun come out,
these puddles
evaporate.
3) Ice cubes Ice cube can be prepared by freezing water
under low
temperature.
4) Moth ball Moth ball become smaller because of the
process of
sublimation.
5) Rainwater - Water vapours in clouds condense to form
rainwater.

7.4 : Application of expansion and


contraction of matter
(Page 118-119-120- textbook)
(Page 114- Science process skills)

7.5 : Absorbing and Giving Out


Heat
Good
heat
absorber

Bad heat
absorber

Good
giving
out
(emits)
heat

Dark
and
dull
surfac
e

White
and
shiny
surfac
e

Dark
and
dull
surfac
e

Bad
giving
out
(emits)
heat

White
and
shiny
surfac
e

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