AR Tutorial Compilation

Topic 5
Concepts and Models
Compiled by L82016

Stephen Kemmiss Model

G.O + PMI of Stephen

Kemmiss Model of AR

Plus

Minus

Interesting

Critical reflection
as its basis

* Disallows
flexibility among
cycles

More issues can

be investigated
through each
cycle

4 detailed steps,
helpful infind disturbing issues while doing
* very
if researcher
research in cycle 1, he must finish all activities
intervention
according to plan in Cycle 1, before proceeding to replan in Cycle 2
- action
research as a
- developed
cyclical
by Kemmis
reflective
and
process
McTaggart in
- critical
1982
Stephen
reflection as its
most basic
Kemmiss
- has cycles,
principle
Model of
each cycle
Action
with 4 steps
- 4 steps in each Research
cycle : Plan ->
- further issues
Act -> Observe
observed while in
-> Reflect
Cycle 1 is brought
over to the planning
step in Cycle 2

Example of Action
Plan Stephen
Kemmiss Model
- Revise intervention
: fine tune lyrics (include
/ remove phrases)
: change instrumental to
faster beat

- observe pupils
response during
presentation and
practice stage
- collect data / findings
using worksheet (in
production stage)

Plan

Cycle
1

- identify issue : Y3 pupils cannot

cannot differentiate usage of indefinite
article a and an

Reflecti
on
Obse
rvati
on

- design intervention
: usage of flashchant (flashcards +
jazzchant)
: emphasis on repetition of phrases
: decide on appropriate instrumental
song
: decide on list of phrases to use

Action
- carry out
intervention
(flashchants) during
presentation stage
Idea for revised plan is
Revised Plan
brought over to Cycle 2
- Change technique used in
intervention
: change instrumental to a faster
beat

John Elliots Model

G.O + PMI of John Elliots Model

of AR
Aim : to use
research in
improving
educational
practice
Elliot & Stenhouse
argued that the
effective curricular
improvements could
only come about
through development
process

Agrees with the basic

action-reflection spiral
of cycle

John
John
Elliots
Elliots
model
model

Emphasis on
constant evolution &
redefinition of the
original goal

Plus
Study of a social
situation

Minus
Too complicated

Includes
: identifying a
general idea,
reconnaissance or
fact-finding ,
planning, etc
Reconnaissance should
involve analysis & fact
finding. Constantly
recurring in the spiral
of activities
Interesting
Lit review is done first,
before determining what
technique to use

Example of Action Plan

using John Elliots Model
Issue : Passive Students

1st Recon

- Document Analysis
- Observation (ss)
- Interview (tr & ss)

* lit review about topic of concern

* document analysis (ss profile, school b/g)

Cycle 1
General
Plan

Action Step 1 : Charade

Action Step 2 : Talking with
puppets
Action Step 3 : Q&A with
microphone

Monitor
Implementation and
Effects

2nd Recon

- Observation
- Interview
- Facilitate and guide

Revising
shortcomin
gs

Action Steps are steps taken in 1

lesson plan. By right, the Action
Steps should be scaffold system of
one intervention.
For example, the chosen
intervention is charade, thus the
action steps are:
AS 1 : guided charade
AS 2: semi guided charade
AS 3: free charade

- evaluate effectiveness of the intervention

- come up with a different intervention for the
next cycle

Jack Whiteheads Model

G.O + PMI of Jack Whiteheads

Model of AR

Modify

* focus on educational issues

Observ
e

Reflectin
g

Evaluate

Act

Plus

Minus

Interesting

Teacher plays the main

role in action research

Takes a longer time

because it needs to be
tried, tested and adapted
by many practitioners

The answer scheme is

provided verbally

Focus on questions like

How do I improve and
What am I doing to gain
information about issues
raised in the research

Does not aim to offer

substantive answer from
others

Improvise teaching
practices

Example of Action Plan using Jack

Whiteheads Model of AR
*focus on educational issues
Modify
Game is modified by
adding pictures to aid
pupils to build simple
sentences correctly
(picture stimulus)
Evaluate
- teacher gets pupils to
build simple sentences
using the game (description
stimulus)
- evaluation process is
carried out during the game
(observe response)

Act
Teacher uses lego blocks to
help children understand the
arrangement of subject, verb
and object in simple sentences
(lego blocks are colorcoded for
easier understanding)

Observe
Pupils cant construct
simple sentences
correctly

Reflecting
- pupils havent mastered
the use of subject, verb and
object in a sentence
- teacher does not
emphasise the use of
subject , verb and object in
constructing simple
sentences

Kurt Lewins Model

G.O + PMI of Kurt Lewins Model of

AR
* focus on social issues : social management &
social engineering
Modify
Pinpoint
aspects that
Observe
can be
Identify a
improvised
problem or
issue
Evaluate
Tabulating and
extrapolating
data from survey
to measure
effectiveness
Act
Presenting
new
interventions
to overcome
the problem
or issue

Reflecting
Deducing
potential
shortcomings
based on
variables
present

Plus

Minus

Interesti
ng

- Reflective in nature
to improve technique

- Time consuming
- Procedure is
straightforward but
meticulous, you are
clear on what to do
next

Example of Action Plan using Kurt

Lewins Model of AR
* focus on social issues : social management &
social engineering
Observe
Pupils are facing
difficulty in
understanding
homophones (same
pronunciation,
different spelling)

Modify
- improvise
strategy
- using magic
picture cards

Reflecting
- Pupils do not have
prior knowledge of
the words
- the words sound
the same thus the
confusion

Evaluate
- successful or
not?
- ways to improve
modify the
activity

Act
Using mobile
dictionary
activity

Dave Ebbutts Model

G.O + PMI of Dave Ebbutts

Model of AR
- emphasizes constant
evolution and redefinition of
the original goal through a
series of reconnaissances
recurring in every cycle

Dave
Ebbutts
Model of
AR
Reconnaissance
= scouting or
exploring to gain
info

Elliot +
Kemmis
- only factfinding

Pl
u
s

Enables the
possibility of
providing evaluative
feedback within and
between cycles of
action

The result will have

high validity and
reliability (data is
more trustworthy
because recurring
recons)

M
in
u
s

Time consuming
need to change and
improve in Revised
Overall Plan based in
situations

Representations of
the process of action
research may be
confusing, rather
then enlightens

In
te
re
st
Ebbutts in
- discussion g
- negotiation
investigatio
n
considering
possibilities

More systematic from the general idea -> the

survey -> the overall plan -> action 1 ->
monitoring and surveys -> restart from
beginning after revision or etc.

Example of Action Plan using Dave

Ebbutts Model of AR
Amend
General
Idea

General
Idea

Pupils cant differentiate

types of adjectives
Reconnaissan
ce
Through observation,
worksheet,
diagnostic test

Revised
Overall Plan

Action 2

or

Overall Plan
To introduce
different types of
adjectives

Amended
General
Idea
Reconnaissan
ce
New Overall
Plan

Revise
Overall Plan

Action 1

Action 1
Wheel of
Adjective
Monitoring &
or
Reconnaissan
ce
Effective but not
practical (too small,
not stable)
Action 2
etc

Improve wheel
(make bigger,
make a stand)

General Idea 1
Improved
General Idea 1
New General
Idea 2

Jean McNiffs

G.O + PMI of Jean McNiffs Model of

AR
* focus on behavioural issues

2 process
- systematic
actions
- learning

action reflection

Plus
Achieve a better
understanding of
oneself
(on how one deals with
behavioural issues)
Establish a systematic
evaluation procedure

Minus

Interesting

Identical to other
models (Lewins &
Whiteheads)

Self reflection is central

(researchers do
research on
themselves)

Time constraint

Provides alternative to
be used in teaching and
learning (can be
directed, revised or
new)

Example of Action Plan

using Jean McNiffs Model

* when doing research about

pronunciation of phonemes, it is
always better to have minimal
pairs to prove differentiation
e.g : pronunciation of /sh/ vs /s/

Modify
- Games
- Rewards

Evaluate
- Oral
Evaluation
- Checklist
- Observation

Observe
Pronunciation
of /sh/

* evaluations should
come with a guide to
give marks
(descriptors)

She

sell
s

seashe
lls

shor
e

X
@/

X
@/

X@/

X
@/

Act
- Tongue
Twister

Reflect
Mispronunciatio
n occurs when
speaking