FLUIDS MACHINERY

FirstEdition,2009

Pedro S. De Leon, PME 2605

CHAPTER 1
PUMPS

CHAPTER 2
HYDRAULIC TURBINES

CHAPTER 3
FANS AND BLOWERS

CHAPTER 4
AIR COMPRESSORS

CHAPTER 1
PUMPS

Pumps rank next to electric motors as the most generally used industrial equipment.
Anythingthatflowsisbeingpumped.

Thepurposeofpumpistomoveaquantityofliquid(saywater)againstapressure.

Foranypump:

Bhpcalculated=
Whp,
(primemover) pumpefficiency

thenchoosethenearestgreatervaluethan
astd.size thantheBhpcalculated

orpowerinputtopump
inKw=waterpower,Kw
pumpefficiency
also,powerinput
todriveinkw=waterpower,Kw
combinedmotorpumpeff.

But: Whp = ( CFM) (H) (62.4) (sp.gr.)

33,000
= ft3/min. x ft. x 62.4 lbs/ft3 x 1
33,000 ft-lbs /hp-min.

also, Whp = (Q) ( w) ( H) (sp.gr.)

7.48 x 33,000
a = gal./min
62.4 lbs/ft3
ft
1
7.48gal/ft3
33,000 ft-lbs/hp-min

Or since 62.4 lbs/ft3

=
7.48gal./ft3
33.00 ft-lbs
gal.
hp-min.
min.

then, Whp = ( GPM) (H) (sp.gr.)

3960

= gal/min.
ft
1
3960 ft-gal.
hp-min.

eqn. 1

eqn. 2

.
3960 fthpeqn. 3

similarly,
Waterpower,Kw=(Qinliters/sec)(TDHinm.)[(w=62.4lbs/ft 3)(3.28ft/1m)

x 1kgx1kw-secx1m3x3.28ftx2.2lbs
2.2lbs737.562ft-lbs103liters1m1kg
(QinLPS)(TDHinm)(w=1000kg/m3)eqn.4
102kgliter/kw-sec-m2
andwaterpower,kw=9.8(Qincm3/sec)(TDHinm)(winkg/m3)eqn.5

where:

CFM-------------------------------------ft3/min.
GPM------------Pump-----------------gals/min
Q-----------------Capacity--------------gals/min
LPS--------------Discharge-------------liters/sec
CMS-----------------in--------------------m3/sec

Htotaldynamic----------------ft.ofH2O
Headoratspecified
density
TDHheadin------------------------mofH2O

Atstandardconditionandorordinarytemperatures:
1gallon=8.33lbs
1ft3=62.4lbs
2.31ft.=1psi(lbpersq.in,)
NOTE:theseconstantshouldnotbeusedinHOTWATERunlessthedensity
errorcan
becountenanced.

Sp.gr.ofH2O=1atstd,cond.
W ----whichisthedensityofH2Oinlbs/ft3is
w=1/vffromsteamtables

atstd.condition,w=62.4lbs/ft3

other conversions;
33,000ft lb = 1hp-min
7.48 gal.
= 1ft3
3960 ft gal. = 1hp-min
9.8 kw-sec
= 1kg-m
1 hp
= 0.746kw
1 m3/sec
= 631.666x10-7 GPM
1 li/sec
= 631.666x10-4 GPM

DeterminationofTDHORH:

I.ByBernoullisequation:

...

P2 V2
P1 V1

Z 2 hl 1 2

Z1 TDH
w 2g
w 2g

P P V V1
TDH 2 1 2
Z 2 Z1 hfl1 2
2g
2w

Where:Z1---isnegative(-)iftheliquidtobepumpedisbelowthecenterline
ofthepump.

II. By Kents Equation 1, p. 5-50:

SOLUTION by use of Bernoullis Equation:

From Steady-Flow Energy Eqn:,
Ein = Eout

Ud 2 Vs 2
TDH ( Hd Hs )
2g
. ..

P2 P1 V2 V12

H

W
2g
d

Z 2 Z1 hf1 hf 2

Pressure head, velocity head, elevation head, friction

Where:
H-------totaldynamicheaddevelopedbythepump;ft.orm.ofH2O
P2&P1---pressureheadsdevelopedatdischargeandsuctionpipes;ft.w
w
orm.

V22/2g&V12/2g---velocityheadsatpoints1&2
--- Heights thru which a body must fall in a vacuum to
require the velocities with which the water flows into the
pipe.
Hfl1- 2 ----frictionheadwhichisduetofrictionalresistancetoflowinsidethe
pipe
fromsuctionat1todischargeat2.
Also,fromQ=Av

Where:V1---velocityofwater/liquidatpt.1/suction
V2---velocityofwater/liquidatpt.2/discharge
Qwaterfloworpumpcapacity
d1&d2---diametersofsuction&dischargepipes;resp.

PUMPOPERATIONHEAD=TOTALDYNAMICHEAD(TDH,HT&H)
--isthealgebraicdifferenceofdischarge&suctionheads.

NETPOSITIVESUCTIONHEAD(NPSH)isthedynamicpressureoftheliquid
at pumps suction (psi) ; less the saturation pressure corresponding to the
temp.atthesamepointconvertedtoft.headoftheliquid.

TOTALDISCHARGE SUCTION HEAD is the reading of a true gauge at the

pumps discharge suction converted to ft.head and referredtodatum,plus
thevelocityheadatthept.ofgaugeattachment.(Ifthesuctionheadisless
thanatmospheric,itisnegative).Thisisbecause,theexistenceofasuction
liftcausesthegaugetoreadvacuum,i.e.negativegaugepressure).

STATICHEADistheheightofthesurfaceofthewaterabovethegaugept.

PRESSURE HEAD is the static head plus gauge pressure on the water
surfaceplusfrictionhead.

VELOCITY HEAD is the head required to produce a flow at the H 2O.

--is the equivalent distance (in ft. or m. ) thru which a
liquid must fall to acquire the same velocity.,
Hv = v2/2g = v2/64.4
-- is one of the elements making up total dynamic
head but the value is usually so small but it can be disregarded.
-- sometimes called head due to velocity of water
moving with a given velocity is the equivalent head thru
which it would have to full to acquire the same velocity, or in other
words, the Head necessary merely to accelerate water.
Ref. Pumps by Perry Block, p 176: Pumps by Kristal, p 299.
DYNAMIC HEAD is the pressure head plus the velocity head. (except
for water velocities considerably above average, or for large volumes
handled at low heads, the velocity Head can be NEGLECTED).

Sample Problem I:

Determine the TDH of the pump as shown in the figure if water to be

pumpedisatstd.Condition.

P2=240psig

htd=51

P
P1 = 20
psig
Source

Hd 501

240
hld
62.4

Hs 20

20144
hls
62.4

hls =
21

I.Solution:
TDH=HdHs+(hls+hld)
But:
144
Hd 501 240
604.4 ft.

62.4

lbs 144in.2
Hs 20 20 2 x
in
ft.2
1

62.4lb / ft 3
144
20
0 20 TDH
62
.
4

144
240
0 50 (2 5)
62
.
4

=-20+20(2.31)

=62.2ft.
TGH=604.426.2+2+5

=585.2ft.

II.Solution
2

P1 V1

Z1 TDH
w 2g
2
P2 V2

Z 2 hl 1 2
w 2g
62.2 TDH 611.4

TDH 585.2 ft.

SampleProblem#2

Waterfromariveristobepumpedonahill120mabove.Theflowis
3000in3/hr.andthetankwillbemaintainedatapressureof140Kpa.The
friction head is estimated at 4m. find a total dynamic head the water hp
developed.

Solution:
ByBernoullisEquation:
P2 140 kpa

Q = 3000
m3/hr

hf2

Z2

c
1

Z1

river

P1
V
P
V2
1 Z1 h f H 2
Z2 hf 2
Wd 2 g
Wd
2g

OR

P2 P1
Wd

V2 V1
2g

Z 2 Z1 hf1 hf 2
Where:
Subscripts1or2refertothesuctionanddischargepoints,receptivity.
H=pumpheadortotaldynamichead

P1&P2=pressuresatsuction&discharge

V1&V2=velocityatsuction&discharge

Wd=densityofwateratstd.,and1000kg/m3=62.4lbs/ff3

OR

Wd 1000kgm3 x9,8066

N
KN
x
kg 100 N

=9,8066KN/m3

b)WaterHp=Q.H.Wd
(3000m3 / br )(138.28m)(1000kg / m3 4.1484 X 108

1kg
Sec 746 N m
274,040.81
x3600
x
9.N
hr Sec hp

V2isneglible0

V1is180neglible0

P1=0(nogagepressure)

Hp=1,513.8say1,514hp

P2=140kpg

Z2Z1=120m(given)

Therefore;
a).

P
H 2 Z 2 Z1 hf1 hf 2
Wd

140kpa

1000 Pa
1kpa

1000 kg x 9.8 N
kg
m3

H 138.28m

N / m2
Pa

AlternativeSolution:
a)HT=HdHs+hf1-2

but:

140 KN / m 2
Hd (120m Z1 ) 140kpa
Wd 9.8 KN / m 3

Hs=-Z1

HT=120Z1(-Z1)+14.28+4

HT=138.28m

b)WaterHp=Q.HWd
(3000m 3 / hr )(138.28m)(1000k 8 / m 3

(1)(3600)(746)
9.8

1,514hp

Part#3].

Apumpdelivery0.316cu.m.ofwaterpersecondatstd.Conditionhasa406mmdiametersuctionpipeanda356-mmdischargepipe.Thesuctiongage
located8cmbelowthepumpscenterlinereads127mmofHg.Thedischarge
gagewhichis46cmabovethepumpscenterlinereads73kpa.FIND:
a).Theheadofthepump;
b).ThepowerdevelopedtotheliquidinHp&Kw.

P = 73 kpa
2

Solution:

d = 356mm

P = 127 mm
Hg

P
s = 406mm

1
Vacuum

SolutionI:
a).

but:

Ud 2 Vs 2
TDH Hd Hs
2g
Hs-

Vs1
&hfl

isafunctionofP1,Z1&

2g

Hs=-8cm

1m
1000 KPa
KN / m 2
127 mmHg x
x
7,500.62mmHg
KPa
100cm
w 9.8066 KN / m 3
2

V1
0.316m3 / Sec / 0.406m

1
.
806
m

=-1.806=0.05 2 g
2 9.81m / Sec 2

2 2

=1.756

HdisafunctionofP2,Z2,

&hfl2

TDH=7.9691.756=9.725MAns.+
Vd 2

46
KN / m 2
Hd
m 73KPa x
100
KPa

2g

9.725m

9.8066 KN / m 3

0.316 / 0.356
V
7.904m 2
2g
2 9.81
2

2 2

7.96909m

V2
2g

b.1).

3
3.28 ft 62.4lbs
3.28 ft 60 sec

TDH 9.775m x
0.316m / sec x
m
ft 3
m min

Whp
33,000 ft lbs / hp min

40.56hp

1gal / min

3
0
.
316
m
/
sec
x
3

0.0000631666m / sec
Whp
3960

m
TDH 9.725 x

3.28 ft
1
m

40.56hp
b.2).
0.716 Kw
x
30.26
Waterpower,Kw=40.56hp
hp

SolutionII:ByBernoullisegn;
2
2
P2 P1 V2 V1

TDH
Z Z hfl

KN / m 2
73
Kp
x
a

Kpa

2w

2g

2g

1 2

1000 Kpa
1KN / m 2
127mmH g x
x

7500.62mmH g
KPa

w 9.8KN / m3 g

1000kg 9.8 N KN
x
x
m3
kg 103 N

0.316m

II 356m

4 1000

0.316

II 406

4 1000

9.725m Ans.

2 9.81 m

46 8

0
sec 100
2

Problem#4

The discharge pressure gauge on a pump reads 1050 Kpa. The

suctiongage.Isattached1.25metersbelowthecenterofthedischarge
pressure gage and reads 55.8 mm Hg vacuum. The pump is delivering
40Liters/Sec.of600Cwater.Thediameterofthesuctionanddischarge
pipes of the pump are 150 & 105 mm, respectively.The power input to
the pump is 70.5Kw and the electrical input to the driving motor is
85.7Kw.

Note: SpecificvolumeofH20@600C=1.0172x103m3/kg

Determine:

a)Thewaterhp
b)Hepumpeff.
c)Thecombinedmotorpumpeff.

Solution:

P2= 1050 KPa

a)Waterpower=(9.007)(M3/3)(TDH)(d)

but:Q=flowrate=40L/s

1m 3
x
0.040m 3 / s
1000 L
Q = 40 L/s at 600C

P P
TDH 2 1 Z

V2 2 V12

hf1 2
2 Z1

2
g

P1=
55.8

150mm

mm Hg
vac.

Where:P2=dischargepressurehead

1000 Pa
1050 Kpa

-3m3/
(sp.Vol.ofH20at600C=1.0152x10
1KPa
kg

760 mm Hg

105.8m

atm

105mm

P1=suctionpressurehead
3
3
101.325 KPa
Pa 1.0180 x10 m kg
x1000
x
55.8mmHg.vac. x
atm.
KPa
9.807 N
Kg

760mm Hg

0.758m

atm

Z1 Z1 1.25m
V2=fluidvelocityindischargepipe

V1=fluidvelocityinsuctionpipe

0.040m 3
Q
s

2
Ad II 105 0.008564m 2
m

4 1000 0.00866m 2
4.619 m
s
2

V2
4.619 m
s
2g

1.088m

3
(2) 9.807 m

s2

As
0.040

150
4 1000

2.264 m

0.01767

2,264 0.261m
V1

2 g 2 9.807
2

Hf1-2=0=none=friction&otherlossesinpipes.

TDH 105.8 0.758

1.25 1.088 0.261 to

TDH 108.635m
Hs=-Z155.8mmHg.vac.

3
N 2 1.0172 x10 3 m
1000
101.325 KPa
kg
m x
x
x
atm
KPa
9.807 N
Kg

760mm Hg

atm

Z1 0.758m
Hd 1.25 Z1 1050 KPa x

1000 N
KPa

m2 x

sp, qr , @ 600 C 1.072 No 3 m

9.807 kg m

1.25 Z1 105.8m

sec 2

kg

kg

V V1
H T Hd Hs 2
to
2g

0.040

1.25 Z1 105.8 Z1 0.758

105 2

4 1000

2.264

2 9.807 m

sec 2

HT=______________108.635m
Waterpower=(9.807)(0.040)(108.635)

41.89 KW
b).Pumpeff.=

d = density of H20 at
600C
= 1/vf = 983 kg/m3

Ans

Water power
OR power input to pump =
Pump eff.
Power in put to pump
Water power

but:Powerinputtopump=poweroutputofmotor=70.5KW

Peff

41.89
x100% 59.4%
70.5

c).Motoreff.=

Power output of motor

electrical input to the driving
motor

70.5
82.26%
85.7

Ek=combinedmotorpupmeff.=pumpeff.xmotoreff.=0.594x0.82%

SampleProblem#5

Acentrifugalpumpdelivers230m 3/hrofwaterfromasource5mbelowthe
pumptoapressuretankwhosepressureis3.0 kg/cm2.Frictionlossestimate
are2minthesuctionline&1minthedischargeline.Thediameterofthe
suctionis275mmandthedischargeis200mm.

Find:

a).Thetotaldynamichead,HT
b).Thewaterhp
c).TheKWratingofthedrivingmotorassumingpumpeff.Of75%.

3.00

hf

2
P
Pressure tank
S
1

2
2
Pd Ps Vd Vs

HT

2g
Wd

Zd Zs hf
but:

/an2

Pressure tank
d

a)

kg

300kg 100cm
Pd
x
cm 2
m2

30,000 kg

m2

Problem # 3

Calculate the motor CAPACITYin hp required by a boiler feed pump

takingH20fromanopenheateranddischargingittoaboilerundertheeff.
Conditions:

Boilerpressure
=
450psig
Pressureatsuction
=
15psig
Dischargelinepressuredrop
=
80psig
Pumpeff.
=
82%
Waterflow
=
50,000lbs/hr.
Watertemp.
=
210of
Boilerwaterlevelis25ft.abovepumpcenterline.
Neglectthevelocityhead.

P2 = 450 psig
Water level
Broiler

Steam
Turbine

25
Dp = hL1-2 = 80 psig

Condenser

P1 = 15 psig
O.H.
Broiler feed
pump

gal.
min

Whp=(CAPACITYin)TDHinft.
=(GPM)(TDH)(sp.gr.OfH20)

3960

ft gal
hp min

11

pump

Conley
safe
pump

Bhp
(prime
mover)
Bhp
(prime
mover)

Whp
Pump eff.
(Q in gal. / min) (TDH in ft) (sp. Gr. @ water
tag.)
ft gal.
3960
x Pump
hp min
eff.
2

V V1
TDH Hd Hs 2
hLf12 DP
2g

But:

Hd 25'450

Where:

62.4

lb
in 2 2
144
x
ft
in 2 g

lb
0
sp
.
gr
.
@
210
F 0.96
x
3
ft

1107 .81 ft.

15 2.31
36.09 ft.
0.96
80 2.31
AP
192.5 ft.
0.96
Hs

hf1 2

TDH 1107 .81 36.09 192.5 1264.92 ft

Substitutingvaluesinequ.2wehave:
Bhp of

50 , 000 lb / hrx1hr / 60 min

motor

1264.22 ft

ft lb
33,000
x0.82
hp min

0.96

30.65hp

FactorseffectingTDH:

1.)Teryp.ofH20pumped
2.)frictionalongsuction&dischargelines
3.)Attitudeaboveorbelowsealevel.
4.)Conditionsw/respectto:
a)typeofimpeller
b)piston
c)values
hence;TDH=HdHs+

V2 V1
2g

P P
V V1
2 1 Z 2 Z1 2
hf1 hf 2
PW
2g

Problem#7
ft 3
Q=40CFM= 40
min

suction=30ft.

discharge=150ft.=(st.pipe)

P2 = 240 psig

Pipematerialiscoststeel
suctionpipe=4
discharge=3
Determine:

Totaldynamichead(TDH)

Sourc
e

P1 = 50 psig

Solution:

But:

Vd 2 Vs 2
TDH Hd Hs
2g

lbs 144in 2
2
Hd 50'240 2 x

Ld Vd
2

hLd f
in
ft

Dd
2
g

62.4 lbs 3
ft

144
Ls Vs

Hs 10'50
20 hLs f

Ds
2
g
62.4

hL f
L
100

Where:ffrictionfactor
LLengthofpipe+st.pipeequivalentforvalues/fittings

Where:
3

Q
40 ft min
0 elbowst.pipeequivalent]=
s=suctionpipe+st.pipeequivalentofone4pipe90
Vd

30.58 ft
2
sec
Ad
2
1144;1-900elboworstd.elbow,tableIIIA,p,317,pumpsbykristals=30+11=41ft.
ft

4 12


9.336 ft
hLs f

100 100 ft

Ls 41 ft . 4.108 ft.

ft3
ft 3 7.48 gal
Q 40
40
x
299.2
min
min
1 ft
4 pipe
if Q = 275 GPM
299
.2
300

100

GPM

7.99 ft.

x
=?
9.3
8ft.

32.3
38

40 ft 3
sec
Q
60
Vs

13.581 ft
2
sec
As
3

0
.
049088

0elbow
=dischargepipe+st.pipeequivalentofA390
4 12

d
=150+5=st.pipeequivalenttoa900elbowtoa2pipe
d
=155ft.
HLd=155

f/100=37.8176100=58.617ft.

Substitutingvaluesinequivalent(II),wehave;

TDH 50 240 2.31 58.617 10 20 50 2.31 4.108

581.625 ft .
PIPEFRICTIONEQUATION
I.Forsmooth&roughwallconduits:

L
hL f . Darcy weisbach
n-2
Where:ffrictionfactor(dimensionless)f=4Cf=8kR
D
equation
Cf.Coefficient
K..dimensionlessnumber
R..radiusofthepipe
L..distancebetweensectionsoftheconduit
D..diameteroftheconduit
V..velocityofthefluid
hLlossofheadinfriction
..frictionlossintheconduitfrom(1)to(2)

FORSUCTIONPIPE

Ls Vs 2
hLs f

Ds 2 g

Ld Vd 2
hLd f .

Dd 2 g

Where:s=totallengthofthesuctionpipe
=st.pipelength+totalst.linepipeequivalenttovalues, fittings,etc.
d=totallengthofthedischargepipe
=st.pipelength+totalst.linepipeequivalenttovalues,etc.in the
dischargepipe.
Vssuctionvelocityofthefluid=

Vddischargevelocityofthefluid=
Q

As
ds
4
Ds&Dddiametersofsuction&dischargepipes/conduit

Ad

dA2
4

I.Forlaminarflowunderpressureinacircularpipe.
hL 32V .

L
V if R >
gD 2
200

64 64

DV
R

II.Fluidfrictioninnon-circularconduits:

f L V2
hL , ,
4 Rh 2 g

Where:

4 Rh Vp

A
cross-sectionalarea
Rh hydraulicradius =
L&V-sameasbefore

ORD=4Rh
LossofHeadatEntrance:

V2
he' ke'
2g

Ad 2 L 4 D

D
4

Where:
hetruevalueoftheextralosscausedatentrance
Vmeanvelocityinthepipe
Kelosscoefficient
V.Lossofheadpipefittings:

KV 2
h pf
2g
Vvelocityinapipeofthenominalsizeofthefitting
Kfunctionoffittings

Fitting
K
L/D

Globevalve,wideopen
Anglevalve,wideopen
Closereturnbend 2.2
Gatevalve,wideopen
Gatevalve,halfopen
450-elbow
0.42
Longradiuselbow
Mediumradiuselbow
Shortradiuselbow
Tthrusideoutlet
1.8

10
5
75
0.19
2.06
15
0.60
0.75
0.20
67

350
175
7
72
20
27
32

Lossinbends&elbows:
Where:

hbheadlossproducedbyabend
V2
hb kb.
fora900bend(smoothpipe);

2g

Kb
=0.10for

=0.15for

r
2
D
r
10
D

=0.30forapipew/e/D=0.0020
=0.20forapipew/e/D=0.20
Where:
e/D=relativeroughness
PUMPLAWS(forgeometricallysimilarpumps)

References:
pp.5.50to51,KentsHddk.(powervol.)

1.)Whenspeedischanged,capacityvariesdirectlyasthespeed.

Q1
N1
Where: Q capacity of the

pump
Q2
N2
N speed of the

pump
2.)Theheadvariesdirectlyasthesquareofthespeed.
2

H1
N1

2 Where
H2
N2 :

H head of the
pump

3.)TheBrakehorsepowervariesdirectlyasthecubeofthespeed.
2

Bhp1
N
13
Bhp2
N2

Where
:

Bhp brake horsepower of the

pump

4.)Capacityvariesdirectlyastherationoftheimpelleroutsidediameterscube.
3

Q2
D2

3
Q1
D1

Where:

D impeller outside
diameter
or wheel diameter

5.)Theheadvariesdirectlyasthesquareofthewheeldiameter
2

H2
D2

2
H1
D1

6.) The Brake horsepower changes directly as the fifth power of the ratio of
outsidediameters.
5

Bhp2
D
25
Bhp1
D1

Sample Problem # 1). Bd. Prob. Oct. 1985

ADCmotordriverpumprunningat100RPMdelivers30
liters/secofwaterat400Cagainstatotalpumpingheadof27mwitha
pumpefficiencyof60%.Barometricpressureis758mmHg,absolute.

a).Whatspeedandcapacitywouldresultifthepumps
RPMwere
increased to produce a pumping head of 36m assumingno changein
efficiency;and
b).Can a 15 Kw motor be used under conditions indicated by @.
Localgravitationalaccelerationis
9.72m/sec2.

SOLUTION:
a)

H1 n1

H 2 n2

b)

H1

n2 n1

36
100

27

= 115.47 RPM

(in Kw)
But: Whp
(in Kw)

Whp (Kw) Pump

eff. = 0.60

(Q in li/sec) (pw in kg/m3) (H in m)

102 kg liters / kw-sec-m2

9.72

34.641 1000 x
36
9.81

10
= 12,028 Kw 2 Answer

Answer

OR Whp
(in Kw)

Q2
n2

Q1
n1
n
Q2 Q1 2
n1

Brake
Hp

Where:

115 .47
30

100
= 34.641 liters/sec Answer

36.641 li/sec) )0.99231

kg/m
X (36m) (0.00972 kw/kg)
= 12,028
Kw
at 40 0 C
pw
kg
0.99231

m 3 1000 kg
m3

at 40 0 C

1
1.00775 x103 m 3
0.60

12,028
Bhp
= 20,047 kw
(in Kw)
0.60
Answer

Oct. 1986

Waterfromareservoirispumpedoverahillthruapipe450mmin
diameter and pressure of 1 kg/cm2 is maintained at the summit. Water
discharge is 30m above the reservoir. The quantity pumped is 0.5 m3/s.
frictional loess in the discharge & suction pipe and pump is equivalent to
15m head loss. The speed of the pump is 800 RPM. What amount of
energy.

a)

Substituting values in equation (2),

Kw
m3
20
Q
pump
s
H Z 2 Z1 hT
2

V2

2g

We have:

P2 P1
H 20

H = 42m

Where: V = c (neglected)
1

m3
kg
1000 3
Kw 0.5
sec
m

Z 2 Z1 30m
hT 1.5m
2

P2 P1 1kg 100cm
m2
2 x
x
2g
cm 1m 1000kg

3.144 2

V2

2g

9.81m

/ sec 2

42m x0.00981 KN
kg

sec 2

206 Kw

Ans.

Problem#3]

Acentrifugalpumpdesignedfora1800RPMoperationandahead
of60.9mhasacapacityof189.3liters/sec.withapowerinputof130.6
Kw.

a) What effect will a speed reduction to 1200 RPM have on the head,
capacity,andpowerinputofthepump?
b) What will be the change in these variables if the impeller diameter is
reducedfrom304.8to254mmwhilethespeedisheldconstantat1800
RPM?Neglecteffectsoffluidviscosity.


SOLUTION:

from pump laws;

SPECIFIC SPEED, NS;

Ns n

Reference
s:

suction

H stage

p. 5-51 kents Hdhk

p. 463, Steam
Power
Stations by
affect

Where: Ns
of
n
Q
H

specific speed
- it is used in defining the suction limitation of impeller
different designs and pump eff.
- pump shaft speed; RPM (revolutions per minute)
- capacity, GPM (gallons per minute)
- total dynamic head, ft. of H20

TYPES OF IMPELLER

Ns
= 500 1500
Radial Type

= 1500 4500
Francis Type

= 4500 8000
Mixed Type

8000 & above

Propeller (axial) type

Ref. p. 535, Fluid Mechanics w/ Engg Applications by Franzini

Sample Problem # 1

A plant has installed a single suction centrifugal pump with

a discharge of 68 m3/hr under 62-m head and running at 1200 RPM.
It is proposed to install another pump with double suction but of the
same type to operate at 30 head and deliver 90 m3/hr.

Determine the speed of the proposed pump.

What must be the impeller diameter of the proposed pump if the
diameter of the existing pump is 150 mm?

SOLUTION:

a.) For similar pumps, specific speeds are equal, Ns1 = Ns2

n1

H1

Q1

suction

stage

Q1
n1
Q2

&

Q2
n2
Q1

Substituting values, we have;

b.) from

Q2

n2

H2

D2
D1

suction

stage

N2 = 877 RPM

Ans

we have;
3

Q2 n1 D2 Q1n2 D1

from the relation

D2
Q2
n2

Q1
n1
D1

D2 D1 3

Q1n2
Q2 n1

68 877
150 3
451200

mm Ans.

Sample Problem # 2

A centrifugal pump delivers 68.13 m3/hr of water at 914.63 m

total head when operating at 3500 RPM.

At what speed must a geometrically similar pump operate to deliver

45.42 m3/hr at the same total head?
What must be the diameter of the impeller for this new pump if the
diameter of the 3500 RPM pump is 0.1524 m?
SOLUTION:

For geometrically similar pumps, the specific speed will be

the same, hence, Ns1 = Ns2
N2
Ns 2

Ns1

Q2

H2

N1

Q1

H1

Substituting values, we have:

3500 68.13

914.63
b.) from

N 2 45.42

914.63

Q1 N1 Q2 Q2

&

Q2 N 2 Q1 D1
D2
Q2
N2

Q1
N1
D
1

D2 D1 3

0.15243

Q1 N 2
Q2 N1

68.13 4287
45.42 3500

= 0.0187m = 18.7mm
Ans.

RECIPROCATING PUMPS

(GPM) (TDH in ft. of H 0) (sp. gr. Of H 0

Bhp

(3960) (pump eff)

prime
mover
If pump efficiency is not givern;
See fig. 36, p. 5-72, kents Hdbk (power vol.)
Other factors to be considered if pump eff. is unknown;
a.) hydraulic eff.; h

h
1 x100%
h

Bhp fhp
x100%
b.) mech /1 eff.; m
Bhp

Q Qloss
x100%
Q

volumetric eff.;
see p. 451, Fluid Mechanics by Daugherty
Hence, pump eff.
Where: h
- is the actual head developed by or
delivered by
the machine

H
- is the head delivered by the vanes to the
fluid .

Q
- actual flow delivered.

Suction head lift = 22 ft. (including loss) see p. 49, Pumps

by Kristal

Pumps location must be as near to the source.

for POWER DRIVEN PUMP;

VD

4 12

12

Where: VD

S=L

- piston displacement ent; CFM

Effective VD
capacity

Where: Nv

= (VD) (Vol. eff. = Nv) = effective pump

- bore of pumps cylinder; inches

- stroke of pumps cylinder; inches
- revolutions/min.

= 100% - % slip

Sample Problem

A 4 x 6 reciprocating power driver pump at 3000 RPM

is neede what is the permissible capacity in CFM of H 20.

Solution:
% slip
see p. 5 92, kents
2%
for new pumps; increase factor of safety

OR see manufacturers catalogs, hdbk for permissible % slip

Pumps permissible = (VD) (Nv)

There: Nv
= 100 2 = 0.98 assuming pump is new.

 4 6

Pumps permissible capacity =

3000

0
.
98

4 12

12

= 128.20 CFM of H20

Ans.

DIRECT DRIVEN PUMP

The force Fs exerted by the STEAM CYLINDER tends to

move the liquid cylinder and the pumping action starts.

Started speeds: A x b x oC

Where :
A>B

A = bore of the steam side (prime mover side) cylinder

piston
B = bore of H20 or liquid piston cylinder

C = common stroke to both cylinder

ds Pi Pe A2
4
4
2
2
FL PL ' A L Pd Ps d L Pd Ps B
4
4

Fs Ps : As Pi Pe

CAP pump Vd nv ; nv 100% % slip

RPM

Where:

B 2 S 1stroke / sec tion

Vd

1rev.
4 12 12

1rev.
min .

Vd piston displacdement in CFM at H20 cylinder

B bore of water cylinder; inches

S = C stroke of piston; inches

Pd discharge pressure of the pump
Water side
Ps suction pressure of the pump
Pi steam inlet pressure

Pe steam exhaust pressure

(Pd Ps) total dynamic head (TDH)

(Pi Pe Ps mean effective pressure (mep); psi

ds = A diameter or bore of steam cylinder

dL = B diameter or bore of water cylinder

mechanical eff., n FL
m

Fs

d s A d L orB

OR

AB

Pd Ps
Pi Pe nm

Since
Fs
are
not
fully
transmitted
in
the
liquid
cylinder because of the slip
occurring on the piston and
cylinder walls.

TDH
mep nm

For standard design;

1.) A > B; meaning steam cylinder is always greater than the liquid
cylinder.
2.) Possibility of having B > A
3.) A = B.

PISTON DISPLACEMENT, Vd:

1.)For single acting,

Vd

dL 2 S N n
4

2.) For double acting (neglecting piston rod area),

dL 2 S N n x
4
2
Considering rod effect;

refers to the number

of pumping sides (or
d.A.

Vd

Vd

C.E.

H .E.

2
d L SNn
d L dr 2 SNn
4
4

2
2
dL dL dr S N n
4

Where: N
- no. of pumping strokes / min.

n
- no. of cylinder

dr.
- piston rod diameter

SINGLE-ACTING means that only one side (H.E.) of liquid cylinder

is used for pumping.

DOUBLE-ACTING means that both sides (HE & CE) are used for
pumping.

nv

Volumetric
efficiency

Actual CAP. Pump

Vd

Where:
nv 100% % slip

Losses between piston &

cylinder
p. 5 72, Kents Hdbk (Power
Vd.) hlbkg for permissible
other

OR see catalogs /
slip
% = 2% - for new

TYPES OF DIRECT ACTING PUMPS

1.) Simplex:

nL = no. of liquid cylinder = 1

ns no. of steam cylinder = 1

2.) Duplex:

nL = NS = 2

3.) Triplex:

nL = nS = 3
TYPES OF INDIRECT ACTING PUMPS:

1.) Simplex:
2.) Duplex:
nL = 1; nS = 0

nL = 2; nS = 0

Useful work, Whp heat supplied from the steam

Wf .TDH
;N m 6
6
10 J
Ws hi hfe x10

Pump duty
=

9.8Wf TDH N m
;
KJ
10 6
Ws hi hfe x106

Where:

Wf wt. of liquid flowing; kg/sec

Ws steam flow; kg/sec.

hi enthalphg of steam at inlet conditions; KJ/kg

hfe enthalphg of steam at outlet conditions; KJ/kg

9.8 N = 1kg

Wk for the pump

Duty of Pump, D
=

I.

Chargeable Energy

In terms of wet steam;

10 6 Ww LHT ft lbs
D
;
6 BTH
10
H
II.In terms of saturated steam;

103 Ww LHT ft lbs

D
;
3 lbs.steam
10
Ws
III. for Coal;
IV.
V.

Dc

100 WW LHT
WC

for steam;103 WW LHT

Ds

for

WS

106 WW LHT
Heat;
Dh

106 [(Pd + Pi + Pd) (Alf) NS]

H

ft lbs

10 6 BTU

Where:

C coal
S steam
h heat

Ww wt. of liquid water; lbs.

Ws wt. of steam; lbs.
LHT TDH; ft.
Wc wt. of coal; lbs.
H total heat consumed; BTU
Pd hydrostatic head; ps;
Pi intake pressure; ps;
Pd discharge pressure ps;

Reference:
pp. 47 49 steam power plant auxiliaries &
accessories by Terrel Croft, 2nd ed.

Problem # 1

The liquid cylinder of a simplex pump has the following

dimensions: dL = 160 mm; stroke is 3050 & diameter of piston rod
is 45 mm; when the pump is operated with 40 double pumping
strokes per minute. Its volumetric efficiency is 92% when handling
water. Find the volume of water discharged as measured in
liters/min.

SOLUTION:

Actual Pump CAP = Vd x nv

But:

Vd

dL 2 S N n dL2 dr 2 S N n
4
4

160 3050

Vd
m
m 401
4 1000 1000
4
2

3
160
45
401; m

min .
1000
1000
2

CAP.p = Vol. of H20 discharge = (Vd in Li/min) x 0.92

Li Li

3
min .
m

Ans.

Problem # 1

A pump driven by a direct acting reciprocating (steam) has the

following dimensions:

4 x 2 x 3.
Determine

a.) CAP.p
b.) L = dL.

SOLUTION:
a.)

CAP. p Vd nv 100% % slip

b.)

L d L A B

TDH
mep nm

Problem # 2

Suppose a simplex direct acting pump, 6 inches by 4 inches by 8

inches makes 100 strokes per minutes. If slip is neglected, what is
the capacity of the pump in GPm; lbs/min. & CFm?

SOLUTION:

CAP. p Vd nV

But:

nV 100% % slip 100% 1.0

Vd = AH.E. x stroke x 100 strokes/min

4in 2 x8in. 100.5in.3 x100

4

CAP. pump 100.5in 3 x

= 43.5 GPm
4.35

gal.
x100 strokes
3
min
231in.

Ans.

gal.
lbs
x833
362.4 lbs
min .
min .
gah.

3
lbs
1' ft 3
362.4
x
5.80 ft
min .
min . 62.5lbs

Ans.

Ans.

Problem # 3

Consider a duplex direct acting pump, 8 by 6 by 10, with a 2inches piston rod, making 50 strokes (1 stroke of a duplex pump
is both pistons moving once over their path) per minute against a
head of 150 ft. the pump is 75% efficient and has a slip of 6%.
Determine:
a.) Capacity of this pump in gallons, pounds, and cubic ft. per
minute; and
b.) Horsepower developed, if the density of liquid is 62.5 lbs/ft3

SOLUTION:
Pump capacity

a.)

But:

(displacement of
pump)

VdT x 2 nV

nL 2

volumetric

efficiency

nV 100% % slip 100 6% 94% 0.94

VdT = displacement of H.E. + displacement of Cross-head End.

displacement of one side of pump

Vd H .E AH . E . x Stroke x

50 stroke

min .
2

3
2
6 sq.inches 10inches 25 strokes min 7067.5 in. min .
4

Vd C.E AH . E . AC . E . 10 25

6 2 2 2 10 25 6282.5 in. min .

4

VdT 7067.5 6282.5 13,350 in.

Pump
capacity

13,250 in.

min .

x 2 0.94 x

= 108.65 GPM x

8.323

min .

1gal.
108.65GPM
231in.3

905lbs min .

Ans.

Ans.

3
gal .
4 ft.3
lbs
108.65
x 8.33
x
14.48 ft
gal. 62.5lbs.
min .
min .

Ans.

b.)

Whp

Q in

/min

lbs

TDH in ft.

33,000

ft-lbs

9051501
33,000 0.75

sp. gr. of liquid

/hp-min. x pump eff.

5.48hp

Ans.

Problem # 4

A duplex acting steam pump has the ff. date:

Whp = 5

HT = 280 of H20 @ 200 0F

Pump slip = 10%

Mechanical eff., nm = 97%

Stroke = 8

Steam pressure to drive pump = 90 p8;a

DETERMINE:

Capacity of the pump in GPM

Bore, L of pump water cylinder
Bore, S of steam cylinder
Force exerted by the steam cylinder, Fs
Force exerted by the water cylinder. FL

SOLUTION:
2

a.) Vd B" S " RPM ; CFM .

4 12 12
for water cylinder
side;
2

VD

But:

L S

RPM 2
4 12 12

VD

CAP. p. inGPM
nV

no. of cylinder
equ. 1

 CAP. p Vd nV

from Whp =

GPM

equ. 2
HT

sp. gr. @ 200 0F

3960

3960 (Whp = 5)

in GPM =
HT = 280 ft

= 71.22

0.963 = sp. gr. Of H 20 @ 200

0
F

Ans.

b.) from equ. 2;

nV 100% % slip 100 10 0.90

Vd

CAPp GPM
nV

71.22 gal.

3
ft
x

min .
0.90

7.48 gal.

10.58CFM

Substituting all values in equ. 1 we have: equ. 1

Where: RPM = corrected speed = (basic speed) (1-% reduction)

3
10.58 ft

But:

L
min . 4 144

basic speed

8
strokes

12 2 RPM
min .

from Table 2, p. 5-73,

kents

= .74 strokes / min.

for 8 stroke, duplex steam
pumps

% reduction Table 3, p. 5-73, kents

= .34
temp. of H20 = 200 0F

corrected speed = 74 (1 0.34) = 48.84

strokes

min.

hence from equ. 1

3
ft
10.58

min .

L 8

2 48.84
4 144 12

10.58 4144 12
2 2 48.84

5.45"

Choose std, dimension, say 51/2

c.)

Ihp

Mep in psi

L in ft.

As in sq. in.
cyl.

33, 000

but:

m.e.

ft lbs

N in strokes / min.

hp min.

Whp 5
5
; Dp
Ihp
0.97
atm, pressure

0.97

Ans

mep = 90 psia 14.7 =

75.3 psig

33,00
0

8
2

S 48.84 2
12 4

 33,000 5 0.97 12 4
75.3 8 48.84 2

OR
S
L

6.64"

TDH 280 ft.

6.64"
mep nm m.e. 75.3 0.97

Choose S = std, value, say 63/4

Ans.

SPECS, of pump is 63/4 x 51/2 8

d.) Fs = ps x As

FS TOTAL (ps. As) (2 cyl.)

lbs

75.3 2
in.

S standard size2 2

lbs.

Ans.

e.)

m.e. nm

FS TOTAL
0.97
FL TOTAL

FL TOTAL

lbs

Ans.

Problem # 5

The following are the date of a duplex double acting steam

pump:

Duty = 8.5 x 106 ft lbs / 1000 lbs. of steam

Steam consumption = 2500 lbs / hr at 100 psig
pump slip = 10%
TDH = 130 ft.
Stroke = 2 x water cylinder
30 strokes / min.
Mechanical efficiency = 70%
DETERMINE:
Dimensions of the steam cylinder.

SOLUTION:

m.e.

output
input

Fs

Fw
m.e.

Fw
Fs
equ. 1

Where: Fs force exerted by the steam cylinder

Ps ' xAs

Pw Aw
m.e.

equ. 1

Where: Ps mean effective pressure of pump


S 2
also, pi pe
4

W 2
4

m.e.

pd ps

equ. 1a

Where: Pi steam in let pressure

Pe exhaust pressure
S bore of steam cylinder
Pd discharge pressure of pump
Ps suction
W bore of water cylinder

But: (Pd Ps = TDH = 130 ft (given)

Ps x As
=

TDH x

N 2

equ.
2

m.e.

Assuming atm. pressure;

& water @ std. cond.; Pw

TDH

Ps

100 psig

pressure head based @

130 ft .x 62.4 lbs

144 in

ft 3

ft 2

= 56.33
psi

CAPACITY of the pump =

equ.
2
referred only to water cylinder
measured at water cylinder
only
W 2 Lw

4
12
12

60stroke

2cyl. 2 d . A. x1 0.10
min .

But: Lw = 2 w

CAP pump 4

12

2W

60 2 2 0.90
12

in

ft3

min.

from formula,

Ds 1000 x Ww x LHT
Ws

TDH in ft.

wt. of steam in
lbs.
pump duty for steam

Ww

Ds Ws
1000 xLHT

=
106

8.5 x

Ft lbs

2500 lbs
steam

1000 x 130
ft.
hr
1000 x 130
ft.

=
1.634615
5
x 10

lbs
water
hr

=
163,461.5

lbs

H20

hr

hence,
CAP pump =
163,461.5

Lbs H20

1 hr

1 ft3

60 min. 62.4 lbs H20

hr

43.66 CFM

from equ. 1a
S W

1.06

Pd Ps
Pi Pe nm
130
100 0.70

=
Ans.

TDH
mep ps ' nm

inches

Since the pump is directly driven by the steam engines,

then

Lw Ls =
2 x
W

=
Ans.

inches

CHAPTER 2
HYDRAULIC
TURBINES

HYDRAULIC TURBINES

A HYDAULIC TURBINE consists of a runner connected to

a shaft for producing prime motive power, a mechanism for
controlling water flow to the runner, and water passages leading
to the control mechanism and away from the runner, - from p. 5
23, Kents M.E. Hdbk.

H.T. converts the potential energy in water stored

behind a dam into shaft work, ordinarily used to drive an electric
generation. In this conversion, the potential energy (P.E.) ofm
water converts to kinetic energy (K.E.) as it falls through the head
of the plant. The water imparts most of this K.E. to the turbine
runner to develop a torque on the shaft and produce shaft work.
from p. 506, Power Station & Engineering.

TYPES OF TURBINE

Generally, hydraulic turbines are divided into two (2) basic

types; each type is suitable for a particular range of NET HEADS.

1.) IMPULSE TURBINES

(Sometimes known as PELTON WHEELS in honor of the

inventor, Lester A. Pelton).

It is used for the range of heads of 200 700 ft. for SMALL
UNITS (So as to produce suitable generator speeds). However, heads
of 5000 ft. have been used in European installations. Its efficiency
vary from 82 to 92%.

Its NET EFFECTIVE HEAD is measured at the bottom of the

pitch circle of the runner with no consideration given to the water
level at the tail race (because there is no draft tube). There can be
no SUCTION HEAD on an impulse turbine.

2.) REACTION TURBINES

(Called Francis or pressure type after James B. Francis, the

American who invented / developed this type of runner, are medium
head units).

Those are usually employed for heads of 70 900 ft., & at

times, up to 1,100 ft.

Efficiencies range from 90 94%. Water is conducted from

the reservoir to the turbine, by means of a PENSTOCK or head race.
(When the power house is some distance from the dam, STEEL
PENSTOCK may be used).

Further classification of reaction turbines are:

a.) Adjustable blade propeller type of turbine (Kaplan turbines).

(Efficiencies range up to 93%).
b.) Fixed blade propeller type.
c.) Francis pump impeller turbine.

POWER DEVELOPED BY HYDRAULIC TURBINE

In English System;
P

Q th PH 20 E
equ.
550
from equ.116-1, p. 647
PPTD by Potter

@ std. condition; PH20 = 62.4

P

Q th E
8.82

H pt

H Q W
550

Hp

W H Q e
550

But: Hp = Hpt x e

lb

ft

equ. 1a
equ.
2

equ.
2a

from p. 5-23, Kents

Hdbk

if W = 62.4 lb ft 3
e = hydraulic turbine eff. = E

550

ft lb
constant
hp sec

ft 4
8.82
constan
hp sec

Hp = actual hp of a hydraulic turbine

Hpt = theoretical hp of a hydraulic turbine

In Metric System;

Whp

Q Hn PH 20 et
Fc 102.17

equ.
2b

Where:

Whp power developed by hydraulic turbine in Kw

Then,
Hp

H Q e
8.82

equ. 2c

Where:

P
= turbine output; hp
Q
= water floe, ft3/sec (CFS)
Hn
= net effective head; ft.
= difference in the total head for the water entering the turbine
casing and the total head leaving the draft tube, ft.
H
= available pressure in the turbine; ft
= difference in ft. between the elevation of water at the in take
& the elevation of tail water level, the power plant.

Hn
- net effective head in meters
PH20
- density of water @ std., cond.,
= 100 kg / m3
Q
- water flow rate OR quantity / discharge of water available in
m3 / sec.
(CMS)
Et
- hydraulic turbine eff.
Fc
- conversion factor
kg m
E
= turbine hydraulic efficiency 102.17

kw sec

SPECIFIC SPEED, NS:

Ns

N P
h5 4

from equ. 26-1, p. 508 by VOPAT

n Hp
H54

from equ. 9, p. 5-26, Kents

NP1 2

Hn 5 4

from equ. 16-13, p. 649,

PPTD,

Where:

Ns
- specific spee; RPM
N
- Speed for maximum efficiency @ given head of actual full-scale
turbine; RPM
P
- power output (of actual full-scale turbine).
h
= available head (of actual full scale turbine); FT.
n
= angular vd. Of the runner; RPM
Hp
= actual hg of hit
H
= head on the turbine; ft.
N
- speed of a hypothetical model turbine having the same
configuration as the actual turbine (when the model would be of the
proper size to develop
I hp at a head of 1ft).
P
= power ; hp
Hn
= net head.; FT.

Effective of Head on Selection of Type

Net Head
Type of Turbine
Up to Ft.
70 110
110 800
800 1300
1300 above

Propeller (either fixed adjustable)

Propeller type OR Francis
Francis
Francis or impulse
Impulse p. 5-26, Kents

TURBINE PERFORMANCE:

Is referred to the head of water available at the turbine gate

or inlet value. This excludes losses in the intake system but changes
the turbine of losses in the scroll case & draft tube.
Q1
3
N1 D1

Q2
3
N 2 D2

constant

h1
2
N1 D1

h2
2
N 2 D2

constant

These equation together w/ the specific speed (Ns) equation may

be used to develop other relations between the variable.

Where:

Q = water flow; CFS

h = available head; ft.
N = speed at given head; RPM
D2 = diameter of runner 2
D1 = diameter of runner 1
N2 = sp. Speed;
RPM

Sample Problem

In a hydro-electric power plant 27 ft-sec or 0.765 m 3 / sec.

of water from a reservoir enters an impulse turbine at 4 meters per
second and 275635.87 Pag. The turbine runner is 6.7 m in
diameter and revolves at 514 RPM and developing 205 Kw. The
turbine is set at 21/3 m above tailwater line.

DETERMINE:

a.) Net effective head. in m.

b.) Turbine eff.
c.) Speed if Head is increased to 61 m
d.) Hp and Q when operating at 61 m head.

SOLUTION:
a.)

P
V2
Hn

P
2g
=
27563.34 (4m)2
Pa
kg
2 9. 8 m
1000 3 x
sec .
m

b.)

=
28.74 m
Ans.
Hp
t
Whp Q x Hn x Pw

102.17
205
0.765
Kw x 28.94 m x 100
102.17

kg

=
%

94.6,

c.) from affinity laws for Hyd, Turbine; d.)

1

Hn2 2
N2

N1
Hn
1

1
Hn2 2
N 2 N1

Hn1

61
514 RPM

28.94

Note:
Q = 27 ft-sec
x

H A1 2

H p1
H n1 3 2
H n2
H p 2 H p1

H n1
61

205 Kw
28.94

H p2

=
627.34 Kw
Ans.

H n2 2
Q2

Q1
H
n1

1
H n2 2
Q2 Q1

H n1
61
0.765
28.94

=
1.11 m3 / sec
Ans.

Problem # 1

Ht @ potential HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT SITE, the average

elevation of the feed water is estimated to be 553 m. the tail head
water elevation is 438 m and the average flow was determined to
be equal to that volume flowing thru a rectangular channel 6 m
wide and a depth of 0.55 m and the average velocity of 4.57 m/sec.

DETERMINE:

Net effective head

Power that could be developed by the hydraulic turbine at the site if.

SOLUTION:

a.) Hn = Head available friction head

= H hf

But:
Ha = 553 438 = 115 m
hf = 0.3 (115) = 3.45 m

Such That:

Hn = 115 3.45 = 111.55 m

b.)
P Whp

where:

Q
=
=
=

Q
=
sec.

Ans.

Q Hn PH 20 et
102.17 kg m
Kw sec

water flow rate in m3 / sec

Area of channel x water velocity
width x depth x water vel.
6m x 0.55 m x 4.57 m / sec = 15.08 m3 / sec = 15.08 m3 /

Hn
= 111.5 m

PH20
= 100 kg / m3 (always assume std. cond. if vot
specified)

et
= 85%

substituting values, we have

Whp

15.8

m 3 sec

111 .55 1000 mkg 0.85

m

102.17 kg m

Kw sec

13,994.79 Kw

c.) but: KW0 = output of the generation

KW0 = gen. eff. X Whp = 0.95 x 13,994.79 = 13,994.79

net head = 111.55 m = 355.88
Kw
FT.
=

d.) Type of Turbine

FRANCIS TYPE

p. 5-26, Kents Hdbk

Ans.

DETERMINING TYPE OF TURBINE:

I. Based On Specific Speed, Ns:

Ns
TYPE
2.5 8 RPM
------------------- Impulse (Single nozzle)
8 12 RPM
------------------- Impulse (multi-nozzle)
12 95 RPM
------------------- Francis
95 above
------------------- Propeller

From fig. 4, p. 5-26 Kents Hdbk efficiency of various type of hydraulic

turbines

II. Based On Net Effective Head, Hn:

Hn
TYPE
Up to 70 ft.
------------------- Propeller (either)
Fixed or adjustable
70 to 110 ft.
------------------- Propeller or
Francis Type
110 to 800 ft. ------------------- Francis Type
800 to 1300 ft. ------------------- Francis of Impulse
1300 & above ------------------- Impulse

TURBINE SPEED, N:

In additional to the data in the equation;

1

NP 2
Ns
;

5
4
Hn

Turbine speeds are therefore limited by the equation,

120 f
N

p
Where:

N
= turbine generator speed, RPM
f
= electrical frequency; Cps.
P
= no. of generator poles
Assuming p = 104 poles, then the Actual Speed N would

120 f
be
N
p

120 60

69.3RPM
104

For a 100 poles generator; N

120 60
72 RPM
100

Answer:
Either a Kaplan Unit @ 85.2 RPM or 90 RPM OR a
Francis
unit @ 69.3 RPM or 69 RPM could be used.
However, 90 RPM
would be probably be more
economical as a Gen. Speed

In Additional, the flat efficiency curve of the Kaplan Unit might

be more satisfactory if Part Load Capacity is important. Since Kaplan
turbines usually have a higher then Normal Trust & Runaway Speed,
these must be investigated before a selection can be made.

Problem # 2

A hydro-electric plant study has the ff. data; water flow = 40

CFS (ft3 / sec) net effective head = 2,500 ft. water turbine is directly
coupled to an AC ge., 3-phase, 60Hz (cps) & 16 poles.
DETERMINE:

a.) Probable Bhp of turbine at max. eff., if the fraction of flow is 0.82 Q.
b.) State type of turbine
c.) Probable rated Bhp of turbine at max, eff., at full-load
d.) Rated speed
e.) Corrected speed

et max .

Ns = 3,2 RPM, Fig. 25, p. 5-40,

Kents
= 89%

Substituting values, we have:

Bhp probable 32.8 2500 1 0.89
8.82

= 8,274.4 hp

Ans

SOLUTION:
a.) Probable Bhp

Q.H. x sp. gr. Xetmax

=4

8.82 ft

hp sec

b.) Type of Turbine is impulse

since Hn

1300 ft.

OR Ns falls between 2.5 8 RPM

Ans.

Where:
Q = QC max. eff.
= 0.82 Q
= 0.82 (40)
= 32.8 CFS
H = 2,500 ft.; sp. gr. = 1

et rated

Ns = ?
=?

fig. 25, p. 5-40, Kents Hdbk

But:

Ns

0.82
Q
= 3.2 RPM
max eff., Fig. 25, Kents
Rated Bhp

c.) Probable
Rated Bhp
=

probable
Q.H. sp. gr. et
8.82

40 2500 1 0.884
8.82

= 10,023 hp
Ans.
=
Kw

Where: Q = Q@

full load

= 40 CFS

Ns = 3.2 @ max. eff.

= 88.4 %

et

rated

d.) from the formula,

Ns

Bhp runner
H5 4

Ns.H 5 4
Bhp runner

5 4

3.2 2500

10,023

tentative

N = 565 RPM (this is the computed Rated speed -

value

Rated Q, KWgen. = KWturbine x gen., eff.

But:

synchronous speed

514 RPM (Rated Speed)

Fig. 4, p 6-18, Kents Hdbk

e.)
120 f
p?
120 60

450 RPM Connected

16
N

Ans.

Speed

Note:

If no. of poles (P) is not given,

Use

120 f

Computed Speed

Can not be

Ans.

CAVITATIONS:

In any water passage not occupied by steadily flowing water,

eddies of rapidly whirling water are formed. When the head or
pressure, acting on this water passage, is reduced to that of vapor
pressure (about 1.25 ft. absolute head at usual water temperature),
Flashing of water into vapor (Steam) occurs, and Voids or Cavities
formed, causing what is known as Cavitations.

It occurs when the pressure at any point in the flowing water

drops below the vapor pressure of the water, which varies the
temperatures.

Note:
To avoid excessive cavitations, plant T > critical T. The
greater this margin, the possibility of cavitations during operation.

Plant T Value of T at which a plant operates that depends largely

upon the setting of the runner with respect to tailwater.
3

nS 2

In the T
absence
of cavitations
tests; & propeller runners
for Francis
15,000
2
nS

for adjustable blade propeller runner

350,000

CAVITATIONS COEFFICIENT, T

From eqn. 17, p. 5-38, Kents Hdbk

p. 9-147, Marks Hdbk
eqn. 16 7a,
p. 661, PPTD by potter,

Hb Hv Hs
Kent ' s
H

H b H e H vap
Hn

potter

OR He =
Hb Hvap T Hn
eqn. 16 7b, p. 661, potter

where:
T
cavitations coef.; dimensionless
Hb
barometric pressure head at elevation of runner above
sea level;
ft. is that existing barometric pressure at the plant
elevation & not
barometric pressure corrected to sea level.

Hv
He

Hv
He

-vapor pressure of water at the temp. existing (abs).;

ft.
-vapor pressure from steam tables converted into ft.
of H20 for the summer water temp.
-pressure due to the elevation of the wheel above
static draft head or elevation of runner above tailwater,
measured at the throat of a Francis Runner & at the
centerline of the blades of Propeller Runner; ft.
-setting of the runner with respect to tailwater; ft.
-elevation of the runner above tailwater measured at
the centerline of the runners distributor; ft.
He = positive (+) .. if the runner is above tailwater
level.
=

negative (-) . if the runner is below tailwater

level.

For PROPELLER TURBINES;

Ns

T
0.2
eqn. 16-8, p. 661, PPTD by Potter
15
,
000

For FRANCIS TURBINES;

T

Ns 2

15,000

Where:

T
= approximate values of T suitable for the solution
of problems.

Ns

= specific speed

Hv

-turbine net head; ft.

He

-total or net effective head on turbine; ft.

Also,
from p. 661, PPTD by
Potter

Hb

1.13 ft.
= 34 ft. less 1,000 ft. increase in elevation above sea
level

From p. 5-27, Kents Hdbk.,

Synchronous Speed, N
(generator)

120. f

No. of poles on gen. field

= p

Where:
N synchronous speed, RPM
f frequency in Hz (cps)
p no. of poles
always an even number.

Sample Problem

Determine the elevation of the PROPELLER CENTERLINE for

a 3,000 ft elevation and 80% H20 for the 30,000 hp, 50 ft. head,
90 RPM Propeller turbine Kaplan unit.

Solution:

Ns

Hb Hvap He
Hn
NP
H

90 RPM 30,000hp

5
50 ft. 4

117 .2 RPM

But:
from eqn. 16-8, p. 661, PPTD by Potter

117 .2
Ns 2
0.20 0.717

0.20
15
,
000
15,000

for propeller turbines

p. 661, PPTD by Potter

Hb

= 34 ft. LESS

3,000'

1.13
30.6 ft.
= 34 1.13' x
1000'
ft.
- in
1000 ft. increase
elevation above sea level

at 800F, Pv
= 1.0321 Hg
=
Hvap =
1 ft .sp. vol. of H 0 @ 800F
1.0321 Hg
2
x
12"

sp. vol, of Hg

1.0321 0.01608


12 0.001183

OR Hvap
=

P @ 0F
W @ 80 0 F

3.499 N

m3

996.61kg

1.17 ft. of H20

9.81kg

3.28

m3

From eqn. Q, He = Hb Hvap

= 30.6 1.17 0.717
(50) 6.4 ft.
=
Ans.

fL
m

= 1.17 ft. of H20

Hn

Meaning, the CENTERLINE of the RUNNER should be set at

least 6.4 ft. below the minimum TAILWATER LEVEL when the turbine
is developing 30,000 hp.

TURBINE TRUST, T:

For vertical units;

T Th Wts

Where:

T (lbs.) =
bearing force
Th (lbs.) =

Wts
=

turbine trust

usually carried by a thrust

with the generator.

hydraulic thrust
vt. of the turbine runner & shaft; lbs.

kt Dr 2 Hm
Th
2.44

Where:

Th
Kt
Dr
Hm

eqn.
1

eqn. 2

hydraulic thrust; lbs.

thrust coefficient
diameter of runner; inches
maximum head; ft.

For Francis turbines;

For Propeller turbines;

Kt =
Ns / 250
Kt =
0.90 for all Ns.

Note: Kt values are assumed that the runner seals are properly
arrange and
that the crown of the runner inside the seals is
properly drained,
otherwise, thrust may be much higher.

RUNAWAY SPEED, Rs

If a turbine runner is allowed to revolve freely without load and

with the wicket gates wide open, it will over speed to a value called
RUNAWAY SPEED.

Both generator & turbine parts should be designed safely to

withstand the full runaway speed of the turbine, with maximum gate
opening & no load on the generator. Runaway speeds should be based on
the MAXIMUM OPERATING HEAD rather than NORMAL VALUE.

For Impulse Wheels;

Rs = 80 90% above normal speed

For Francis Turbines,

a.) Low specific speed: Rs = 65 80%

b.) High specific speed: Rs = 80 90%

For Kaplan Type;

Rs = 180% above normal speed

Sample Problem

GIVEN DATA of a hydraulic turbine are as follows:

Ns
=
3.5
Head above water level
=
2,220 ft.
Bhp
=
3,800 hp
RPM
=
360
Turbine setting overhang.

Determine the following:

a. Shaft diameter;
b. Total Thrust;
c. Tail water elevation; and
d. Collapsing pressure inside the penstock.

SOLUTION:
a.)

Bhp

C2
D shaft 4.5

RPM

C
3

- no. of runners if
mounted on separate
shafts

Assume:

C=1

for 1 shaft only

3800 3

1
D shaft 4.5

360

= 9.87

Ans.

outside diameter (solid,

hollow)

b.)

for Ns = 3.5,1 TYPE of TURBINE is IMPULSE

(singlerezzle)

For Horizontal Installation p. 9-185, Marks Bdbk

no. of runner = 1 for H = 500-5000 ft.
no. of runner = 2

for H = 500-

Fig. 4, p. 5-27,
Kents Hdbk

Kt Dr 2 Hm
2.94

T = Th

Where:
Th
Wtr
Tw
-

Wth

Tw

hydraulic thrust
wt. of turbine runner
shaft wt.

p. 9-141, Marks Hdbk

for Manufactures
Catalog

Th (negligible) since no torque

developed.

c.)

From
p. 9-185, Marks Hdbk;

Z = 5
vertical (tail H20 level)

Z = 3
horizontal

But:
NP1 2
Ns
Hn 5 4

360 3800 2
3.5

Hn 5 4
Hn 1,098 ft.

Hnet = Havailable = Hfriction (no data given)

But:
Havailable = Head water e / ev Tailwater e / ev.

Tailwater e /ev. = Head water e /ev. Havailable

=
d.)

p. 9-302, Marks Hdbk

DP =

2,200 - 1,098

Pin.

0.25 Pin

= 1,122 ft.

Ans.

no. of runner

But:

Pin. = (2) (Hstatic) (Ww)

2 ET 3
Pc
1 U 2 Dm 3

by ASME; t =

Ststeel = 20,000 psi.

CHAPTER 3

FANS AND BLOWERS

FANS AND BLOWERS

FAN is a machine for applying power to a gasses fluid, to

increase its
energy content.

BLOWER is a fan used to force air under pressure, that is, the
resistance to gas flow is imposed primarily
upon the
discharge.

EXHAUSTER - is a fan used to withdraw air under suction, that is,

the
resistance to gas flow is imposed primarily upon the
inlet.

FUNCTION OF FAN:

To move air or gases through distribution system and

apparatus required for conditioning of the gas medium, such as
systems for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning for buildings;
for drying and cooling of materials and products; for pneumatic
conveying of materials; for dust collection, separation, and exhaust;
for industrial process work; for mine and tunnel ventilation; for
forced and included draft of steam-generation plants.

METHOD OF TESTING FANS:

ASME CODE; ASHVE & NAFM CODES

DEFINITION:

Mechanical
Rotating element
Increased the energy against resistance
Drive

RATING:

CFM
Shaft
Speed
SPECIFICATION:

Type of fan
Method of controlling
Purpose
Method of installation
Type of drive

SYSTEM:

Prime mover
Fans & blowers
Ducts, air washer
Air filter, etc.

Type

Static Pressure

Propeller
Tube Axial
Vane Axial
Centrifugal

0 1 H20
- 2 H20
- 6 (max. design)
20 H20; 90 H20 (special)

BASIC FAN LAWS:

Reference: p. 4-65, kents Hdbk.

The following three basic fan laws encompass all fan functional
principles:

1. FAN SPEED VARIATION:

(Constant Fan Size, Constant System & Constant Density).

a. Capacity or CFM varies as fan speed.

CFM & RPM

Q2 N 2
N1
Q1

b. Pressure varies as square of fan speed.

P & (RPM)2
P
N2
2

P1
N
1

c. Power varies as cube of fan speed.

Shp &
3
(RPM)
Shp

Shp1

N 2
N
1

2. FAN SIDE VARIATION:

(Geometrically similar fans, Fixed Point of Rating & Constant

Density).

a.) Capacity varies as square of wheel diameter.

CFM & D 2
b.) Pressure remains constant.

P C

c.) Power varies as square of wheel diameter.

Shp & D 2

d.) RPM varies inversely as wheel diameter.

RPM

1
D
2

e.) Tip speed remains constant.

RPMt C

3. GAS DENSITY VARIATION:

a.) Capacity remains constant.

CFM C

b.) Pressure varies directly as gas density.

P & Pg

c.) Power varies directly as gas density.

Shp & Pg
FAN LAWS:

Reference: p. 128, Plant Energy Systems by Philip Swain

Symbols Used:

Q
air or gas volume; ft3 / min (CFM)
P
static velocity or total pressure; inches H 20
Hp
horsepower input

1.) CHANGE IN FAN SPEED:

(Air or gas density, system constant).

a.) Q varies as fan speed.

b.) P varies as fan speed squared.
c.) Hp varies as fan speed cubed.

2.) CHANGE IN FAN SIZE:

(Tip speed, air-density, fan proportion constant, fixed rating).

a.) Q varies as square of wheel diameter.

b.) P remains constant.
c.) RPM varies inversely as wheel diameter.
d.) Hp varies as square of wheel diameter.

3.)CHANGE IN FAN SIZE:

(RPM, air-density, fan proportions constant; fixed rating).

a.) Q varies as cube of wheel diameter.

b.) P varies as square of wheel diameter.
c.) Tip speed varies as wheel diameter.
d.) Hp varies as fifth power of wheel diameter.

4. CHANGE IN AIR DENSITY:

(CFM, system, for speed constant; fixed fan size).

a.) Q is constant.
b.) P varies as density.
c.) Hp varies as density.

5. CHANGE IN AIR DENSITY:

(Constant pressure and system, fixed fan size, variable fan
speed).

a.) Q varies inversely as square root of density.

b.) P is constant.
c.) RPM varies inversely as square root of density.
d.) Hp varies inversely as square root of density.

6. CHANGE IN AIR DENSITY:

(Constant weight of air and constant system; fixed fan size,
variable
fan speed).

a.) Q varies inversely as air or gas density.

b.) P varies inversely as air or gas density.
c.) RPM varies inversely as air or gas density.
d.) Hp varies inversely as air or gas density.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

1. The VOLUME handled by a fan is the number of cubic ft. of air per
minute (CFM) expressed at fan outlet conditions.
2. The TOTAL PRESSURE of a fan is the rise of pressure from fan inlet
to fan outlet.
3. The VELOCITY PRESSURE of a fan is the pressure corresponding to
the
average velocity determination from the volume of air flow at
the fan outlet.
4. The STATIC PRESSURE of a fan is the total pressure diminished by
the fan velocity pressure.
5. The POWER OUTPUT of a fan is expressed in Hp and is based on
FAN
VOLUME & the fan TOTAL PRESSURE.
6. The POWER INPUT to a fan is expressed in Hp and is measured
horsepower delivered to the fan shaft.

 mechanical efficiency of a fan

s static efficiency of a fan

Power output
=
Power input

Static pressure
=
x
m
Total pressure

7. The FAN OUTLET AREA is the inside area of the fan outlet.
8. The FAN INLET AREA is the inside area of the inlet collar.
FAN PRESSURES:

Fans in operation maintain a total pressure, Pt which is made

up of 2 components, velocity pressure, Pv & static pressure, Ps. Under
certain conditions of operation, either of these 2 components may be
equal to zero, but both are never equal to zero when the FAN is
running.

Pvis utilized in creating and maintaining the velocity of air or

gas flow.

Psis utilized in overcoming frictional and other resistance

offered to the flow of air & gases. It is the compressive pressure

Ps, Pv & Pt are all interrelated. Thus, if gas handled has a

velocity increase in duct system, part of the Ps available at the
particular locality is issued to create the additional Pv necessary.
Likewise, if the speed of flow is reduced at some print, part of the
Pv at that point will be converted back into Ps.
FANS - are used when gases are to be moved against small
pressure
differentials of 0-15 in, WG. They have wide
applications in power
plants, drying systems, heating,
ventilation, air conditioning,
conveying and cooling.

COMPRESSED AIR - has a wide range of applications because of

the
convenience and case of transmitting air
as compared
with steam. An important
application is the
OPERATION OF
DRILLS, HAMMERS, HOISTS, SAND
BLASTERS,
CONTROLS, SPRAYS and PUMPS.

Sample # 1

A FAN delivers 10,000 CFM of air at a static pressure of 2

H20 when its speed is 500 RPM. Power input is 6 hp. What a.
speed; b. static pressure; and c. hp are necessary when the fan

SOLUTION:

From Law # 1, p. 1-65 by Kents OR

From Basic Fan Law # 1- by Swain (Fan Speed Variations);

ASSUME:

1.) Same fan (SIZE)

2.) Density constant &
3.) System constant
a.)

Q2
N2
50014,000
NQ

;N 2 1 2
Q1
N1
Q1
10,000
N2 = 700 RPM

b.)

Ans.

P1 N 2
; Where:

P1 N1
N
P2 P1 2
N1

P1 = 2 H20; N2 = 700 & N1 = 500 RPM

700
2"

50

3.92 H20

Ans.

c.)

Shp1 N1
; Where: Shp =

1
Shp2 N 2
6

Shp2 Shp1 N 2
N
1
3
700
2

500

= 16.464 hp
Ans.

Problem # 2

A certain fan delivers 12,000 CFM at 700F; normal

barometric pressure; p = 0.075 lb / ft3 at 1 H20 static pressure
operating at 400 RPM & 4 hp input.

If its speed is increased to produce a static pressure

equal to 1 H20 at a temp. of 2000F, determine the following.

a.) N2;
b.) Hp2;
and
c.) Q2.

SOLUTION:

from Fan Law No. 5, (P = C); p. 128, PLANT ENERGY

SYSTEM by Swain;

a.)
N 2 N1

Hp

1
400 0.075
2
0.0602
N2

446 RPM

for T = 700F
for T = 2000F
Ans.

Where:
1
RT
P

From PV = RT w/m = 1;

b.)
Q2 Q1

0.075
1
13,394.1 CFM
12,000
0.0602
2

Ans.

c.)
Hp2 Hp
1

1
0.075
4.46 hp
4
0.0602
2

Ans.

Problem # 3

If N in Prob. # 2 is increased to 500 RPM, the same weight /

density at 250 0F & 70 0F. Dertmine.

N2, P2, Q2, & Hp2

SOLUTION:
From Fan Law # 6 (change in air density) by Swain;
a.)
N2

1 ;
N1
2

N2

1
2

N1

but:

1
2
N1

b.)

c.)

d.)

(corresponding to 350
0
0.0705F lb / ft3 (corresponding to 70
0
F) RPM
500

1
Q2 1

Q; 2 Q1
Q1 2
2
Hp2 1
;

Hp1 2

Hp2 Hp1

P2 1

; P2 P1 1
P1 2
2

SPECIFIC SPEED, NS:

N Q
(for fans & Blowers):
Ns
3

P 4

Specific speed depends on the following:

type of application of the fan / blower

Type of blades, capacity / air requirement & RPM.

Where:

N
revolutions per minute (RPM) (Speed)
Pv
static total pressure
density of air / gas
Approximately, = 1.325 Pb. T.
; lbs / ft3

Where: P
total rise in pressure (inches H20)
Q
capacity in CFM

If velocity pressure is lost due to OUTLET OF DUCT, replace

p in
terms of static pressure (Pv)

Constant 33,000 is in ft lbs

hp min
Constant 12 is in inches

Also,

Air

Hp.

ft.

a Qa h
kg m
4,563
hp min .

46 Q A Ht
0.77 kw

Where:
Qa

eqn. 2

eqn. 3

hp

density of air; kg / m3
capacity of fan / blower or air reg.; m3 /

total head, m. of H20

density of water; KN / m3
air requirement / capacity; m3 / sec.
total head, m. of H20

min.
h
QA
Ht

Also,

Air

Hp (capacity in CFM) (Ht)

eqn. 4

6356

Where:
Ht = total head in inches H20

6356 is a constant in ft4 / hp-min.

Sample Problem # 1

Find the air horsepower of an industrial fan that delivers 25.98

m3 / sec. of air thru a 0.915 m by 1.22 m duct; pressure is 127 mm of
H20; temp. is 210C and the barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg.

SOLUTION:
Air hp

in

KN

m3

Q in

m3

0.746 kw

sec

Ht in
m

eqn. 1

hp

But:
-

density of water = 1000

25.98

m3

m3

sec

kg

m3

= 9.8066

eqn. 2

KN

Where:
Hs

static head = 127 mm H20

Hv

velocity head

Density of air at 210Cx (vel. Of air)

=
2g
Density of water

a 2

x
w 2g

But:

m
P

v
RT

from PV =

m RT

At 210C & 760 mm. Hg (101.325 Kpa);

P
RT

101.325 KN

m2

0
KJ 0
0.287
21 C 273 K
0
kg

1.2008 kg m 3

Also, from Q =Capacity

Av;
of air delivered

Area of duct
25.98 m3 / sec
(0.915m) (1.22) m2
=
23.27 m /
sec.

23.27 m sec
1.2008 kg m 3
Hv
x
2 9.8066 m sec 2
1000 kg m 3
2

0.03315 m H20 = 33.15 mm H20

Substituting value of the in eqn, 2, we have

Ht = 0.127 + 0.03315
= 0.16015 m of H20

Substituting and values in eqn. 1, we will get

Air hp

9.8066
25.98
KN /
m3 /
3
m 0.746 kw
sec
/ hp

54.7

Kn m

sec

73.32 hp

0.16015
m
H20

KW

Ans.

Ans.

Sample Problem # 2

A forced draft fan used to provide coal at the rate of 11

metric tons per hr. the air requirements are 121,000 m 3 / hr; air
being provided under 150 m water gauge by a FAN which has a
mechanical efficiency of 70%. Assume fan the deliver at a total
pressure of 150 mm water gauge. find the standard horsepower
rating of a water to drive the fan.

Q = 121,000 m3/hr

Air hp

a Qa h
=
kg m
4,563
hp min

eqn. 1

Where:
Qa
h

density of air in kg / m3
air reg. / capacity in m3 / min.
total hend in m of / H20

m3
1hr
Q 121,000
x
hr 60 min .

in m3 /
min

Water gauge x density of H20 (at Std. condition)

h=

H2 0
150 mm H20
x mm x air
1000

1m

Density of air

150 mm H20
x

1000 x

H2 0

1000 kg m
H2 0

H2 0

Substitutingvaluesineqn.1;wehave:
AirHp

121,000 m3

min
60

150mmx100 kg

1000 x a .x 4,563 kg m

m



3

hp min .

150
60 a

66.29hp.
4563

121,000
a

Bhp motor

Airhp
1

mech 1 eff .

66.29
0.70

= 94.7 hp

Use std. size of 100 hp motor

Ans.

Problem # 1

Blower operating at n 2,000 RPM compresses airfrom 200C

and 1 atm. The design flow is 35 m3/min., and at this point, the
power input to blower is 50 kw. Determine the blower efficiency at
the design flow. Assume the compression process to be isentropic
with k=1.4 for air

SOLUTION I.
Power output

Blower eff. =

Power input = 50 kw.

But: Power Output = Isentropic power, Ps

Where:

k
P1V1
Ps
k 1

P2

P
1

k 1/ k

35m 3 / min . 1.68atm.

1.4

1
atm
.

0.4
60
sec
.
/
min
.

1atm

3.5 101.325KPa 0.583m 3 / sec .

0.2857

1.68 - 1

0.4 / 1.4

= 33 Kw

Blower eff. =
Note:

Kp

Cp
Cv

1 .4

for air unless specified otherwise.

SOLUTION II

Blower eff. =

Power output = Hp b
Power input = 50 Kw

Where: Hpb = Hpblower = Isentropic power in Kw

k
P1V1 1 P2
Hp
k 1

P1

k
Hp
P1V1
1 k

P2

P1

k
Hp
P1V1
k 1

P2

P1

k 1 / k

k 1 / k

k 1 / k

1.4
1atm. 35m3 / sec .

0 .4

1.68

0.4 / 1.4

1.4
101.325KP 35 m3 / min . 1.680.2857 1
0.4
60

1KN / m 2 m 3 1KN m
x

1KJ / sec KW
Where: Kpaa x
KPaa
sec
sec
Hps = 33 Kw

33

Hence, blower eff. 50 x100% 66%

Problem # 2 Blower

A blower draws 90 Cum of air per minute thru a duct 30 cm in

diameter with a suction of -70 mm of H2O. The air is discharged
thru a duct 25 cm in diamterer against a pressure of 50mm of H 2O.
The air is measured at 210C & 765 mm Hg. Calculate the Air up.

SOLUTION:

From Bernoullis equation;

Ht = total head eqa.A

Pd Ps Vd 2 Vs 2

Zd Zs
2a
2g
Where:

Pd 50mmH 2 0 x

1m
kg
x1000 3
1000mm
m

= 50 kg / m2

Ps 70mmx

1m
x1000kg / m 3
1000mm

= - 70 kg/m2

Q
Vd

Ad

1 min
60 sec .
2
II 25cm

4 100cm / m

90m 3 / min .x

Vs

Q
90 / 60

As II 30 / 100 2
4

= 21.22 m/sec.

= 30.56 m/sec
Assume: Zd = Zs, hence Zd-Zs = 0

P
m mass

At 210C & 765 mm Hg; density of air, a

RT V (volume)
Where: P = 765 mm Hg
R = 0.287 KJ / Kg ok for air
T = 21 + 273 = 2940C
101.325

756mm Hg x 760mm
0.287

k5
kg k

(2940

= 1.209 kg/m3

k)

Substituting values in eqa. 1, we have;

50 70 kg / m 30.56
Ht

2
21.22

2 9.8066

(1.209kg / m 3 )

= 123.9 meters
= a Q Ht

Hence; Air hp

0.746 kw hp

OR

Hp

Qa in

in kg/m3

m /min

4,563 kg m

Prob.

h in a.

hp min

1.209 90122.9
4563

= 3 hp

S.F.E. (IPD oct. 1984 Bd.

Ans.

Problem # 1

A fan is listed as giving the following performance with

standard air (700F = 21.110C & 29.92 Hg = 101.325 kpa)

Volume discharge = 120 m3/sec

Speed = 7 RPS (rev./sec)
Static pressure = 310 mm water gauge
Brake power required = 620 KW

The system duct will remain the same & the fan will discharge
the same volume of 120 m3/sec of air at 930C & barometric pressure
of 735 mm Hg when its speed is 7 RPS. Find the brake power input &
the static pressure required.
SOLUTION:

Given: Q1
N1
P1
Hp1
=

form

=
=
=
Shp1

120 m3/sec
7 RPS
310 mm W.G.
=
620 Kw

PV

mRT

Shp2
P2
Q2
N2

=?
=?
=
=

=
Hp2
=
120 m3/sec
7 RPS

But:

m
P

V
RT

at stdm air; (21.110C & 101.325 KPa)

1

P1 101.325

KN
m2

kg m
21.11 2730 k
RT1 0.287
0
kg k

1.2 kg m 3

at 930C & 735 mm Hg;

2

735mm Hg
x

1atm 101.325 KN m 2
760mm Hg

0.287 93 373

0.9329 kg m 3

From Fan Law # 4 by Swain;

Change in density ( w/ CFM, system & fan speed constant;

fixed fan size):

b.) P

varies

as density.
P2

2
P1
1

2
0.9329
310mm W .G.

1
.
2

P2 P1

241 mm W.G.

Ans.

a.) Hp varies as density

Hp2
2

Hp1
1

Hp2 Hp1 2
1

0.9329
620

1
.
2

482 KW

Ans.

Problem # 2

Fan delivers 9,000 CFM at 700F and normal barometric pressure (

=
0.075 lb/ft3) at a static pressure of 3 inches H20 when speed is 625
RPM, power input 5.5 hp. If air inlet temperature is raised to 3000F
(density,
= 0.0523 lb/ft3) but fan speed stays the same, determine:

The new static pressure;

The new power.

SOLUTION:
From Fan Law # 4, by Swain, we have:

a.) P varies as density;

P2

2
P1
1

2
0.0523
3
2.092 H20
Ans.
1
0.075

P2 P1

b.) Hp varies as density;

Hp2 2

Hp1 1
2
0.0523
5.5

0
.
075

Hp2 Hp1

3.835 hp

Ans.

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA-Calamba Campus

Brgy. Paciano Rizal, Calamba City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PRELIM EXAM IN FLUID MACHINERY

Instruction:
Solve all the problems with close books, notes and
formulas
except pumps tables. Strictly no copying.

Problem no. 1) A centrifugal pump design for a 1800 RPM operation

and a head of 60.9m has a capacity of 189.3 liters/sec. with a power
input of 130.6 kw.

a.) What effect will a speed reduction to 1200 RPM have on

the
head, capacity and power input of the pump?
b.) What will be the change in these variable if the impeller
diameter
in reduced from 304.8mm to 254mm while the
speed is held
constant at 1800 RPM? Neglect affects of fluid
viscosity.

Problem # 2). A pump discharges 8,000 liters of brine (sp. Gravity

= 1.20)
per minute. The pump inlet, 40cm in
diameter, is at the
same level as the 30-cm diameter
outlet. This vacuum at
inlet is 150mm Hg. The center of
the pressure gage
connected to the pump
discharge flange is 1.50m above the
discharge flange
center. This gage reads 150 KPa. Compute
for the
pump efficiency if the motor power output is 40 hp.

Problem # 3). A pump with a 40.64 (16 in.) suction pipe and a
25.56cm
(10 in.) discharge pipe is used to deliver
20,000 Liters/min
of 15.550C H2O. calculate the pump
head and the size of
the motor to run the said pump. If
the suction vacuum
gage 7.5cm below the pumps
centerline reads 127mm Hg
and the discharge gage
45cm above the pumps centerline
reads 73 KPa.
Mercury has a specific gravity of 13.6

Solution to Problem # 1)

From Pump Laws,

a.)

H 1 n1

H 2 n2

189.3 1800

;
Q2
1200

Q1
n
1 ;
q2
n2
3

P1 D1
;

P2 D2

Ans.

Q2 = 126..2 liters/sec

130.6 1800

;
P2
1200

H1 D1
;

H 2 D2
D1
Q1

Q2
D2

H2 = 27.067m

Ans.

P1 n1
;

P2 n2

b.)

60.9 1800

;
H 2 1200

P2 = 38.696 KW

Ans.

60.9 304.8

; H2 = 49.292 m
H 2 254

Ans.

189.3 304.8
;

; Q2 = 109.55 liters/sec
Q2
254
5

130.6 304.8

;
P2
254

P2 = 52.48 KW

Ans.

Ans.

Sample Problem # 3

A pump discharge 8,00 liters of brine (sp. gr. = 1.20) per

minute. The pump inlet, 40cm. in diameter, is at the same level as
the 30cm diameter outlet. The vacuum at inlet is 150mm Hg. The
center of the pressure gage connected to the discharge flange is
1.50m above the discharge flange center. This gage reads 150n KPa.
Compute for the pump eff. If the motor power output is 40 hp.

SOLUTION I:

Pump eff.
=
But: Whp
=
Also,
=

Vd 2 Vs 2
hL
Using Kents eqm., HT = Hd Hs +
2g
Fluid power OR Whp.
Motor hp = 40 hp
Q in m3/sec

Pd Ps
b

eqn. 1

H in m. b

Vd 2 Vs 2
2g

kN m 3

Zd Zs

eqn. 2

Bernaoullis

OR
=

Vd 2 Vs 2
Hd Hs
hL
2g

Kents eqn.

Where:
1000 N m 2
1KPa

Hd = 1.5m + 150 KPa

x

b 1000

Hd 14.255m

kg 9.8066 N
x
x1.2
m2
kg

2
101
.
325
N
m
x 10 N x kg
Hs = - 150mm x
KN
760mmHg
9.8 N
Hg

= - 1.7m

m2
1000kg x 1.2

Vd

Q
Ad

Q
Vs
As

1m 3
2
x 1 min
x
m
800 liters

0
.
1338
60 sec
sec
min 1000liters

30
m

4 100

0.1333 m

1.885 m

sec

40

4 100

sec 1.0605 m
2

sec

1.885 m sec 1.0605 m sec

H 14.255m 1.7 m

2 x9.81 m sec 2

16.079m

Ans.

From eqn. 1;
8,000 li min x
Pump eff.
=

b 62 x9.8066

KN

m3

H 16.07m

40hp x 0.746 kw/hp

= 84.51%
Note:

1m
x min
60 sec
1,000li

1KN m
1kw
sec

Problem # 2

The discharge pressure gauge on a pump reads 1050 KPa.

The suction gauge is attached 1.25 the center of the discharge
pressure gauge and reads 55.8mm Hg vacuum. The pump is
delivering 40 liters/sec of 600C water. The diameter of the suction
and discharge pipes of the pump are 150mm and 105mm,
respectively. The power input to the pump is 70.5 kw and the
electrical input to the driving motor is 85.7 KW. Determine:

The water hp; b.) The pump efficiency and c.) The combined
motor-pump eff.

Note: Specific volume of H20 @ 600C = 1.017 x 103 m3/kg

SOLUTION:

Solution II:

Pd Ps

H T
Using Bernoullis eqn.
b

Pump eff.

Fluid Power

40 hp x

3
= Q in m /sec

0.746 KW
1hp

d b 1.2 xd w 9.8 KN m 3 HT in m
Kw

Also:
Pd Ps

H T
db

Pd =
Ps

Zd Zs

Fluid Power in Kw

Motor Hp output =

But:

2
2
Vd Vs
2g

2
2

Vd

Vs

Zd Zs

2g

150 KPa = 150 KN/m2

1000 KPa
2
x

20
KN
m
= - 150mm Hg 7500.62mmHg

Pd

= 1.2 x Wd
=

1.2 x 9.8066 KN/m3

Pd Ps 150 20 KN m 2

bd
1.2 x9.8066 KN m 3
= 14.46m.
Vd 2 Vs 2 1.885 1.0605 m 2 sec 2

2g
2 x9.81 m sec 2
2

= 2.4286m

Zd Zs 1.50m
H T 16.079m

Problem # 1

A pump w/ a 40.64cm suction pipe and a 25.56cm discharge

pipe is used to deliver 20,000 L/min of 15.550C H20. Calculate The
pump head & The size of the water to run The said pump if the
suction vacuum gage 7.5cm below the pump centerline reads 127,,
Hg below atmospheric, and the discharge gauge 45cm above The
pump centerline reads KPa. Mercury has a specific gravity of 13.6

SOLUTION:
a.)

V V1
H T Hd Hs hLs hLd 2
2g

1 KN m 2 1000 N
1kg
1m 3
x
x
x
Hd = 30m + 73 KPa x
1KPa
1KN
9.8 N 1000kg

Where:

Hd = 37.45cm
Note:

45cm is just an additional date

Hs

15cm
1000

cm

101.325 KPa 1 KN m 2 1000 N

x
x
127 mmHg x
760mmHg
1KPa
1KN

Hs 1.57 m
Note:

1x1000 kg m 3 x

9.8 N
kg

7.5cm is just an additional data.

SOLUTION:
a.)

To Problem # 3

Vd 2 Vs 2

H T Hd Hs
2
g

Where: Hd Z P hf
2
2
Ld

Hd = 30m
+

73 KPa x

KN m 2 100 N
kg
m .3
x
x
x
1KPa
KN
9.8 N 1000kg

St. pipe equiv. of 2-900

30
Ld 20m 30m
m elbows & 1-gate valve
100
&
1-clock
valve

attached to
diam. pipe

Note:

45cm is just an additional date

10-in

xf

100

St.-pipe equivalent of 1 g.v.

= 13 ft.
attached to 10-in. pipe, Table III A, p. 317,
pumps by Kristal
= 100 ft.
St.-pipe equivalent of 1 check valve
10
10
St.-pipe equivalent of 2-900 elbows
= 2 x 32 ft =
64 ft.

Ld 114 .26m 374.773 ft .

hf Ld

1m
30m 30m 0.30m 177 ft

3.28 ft
66.3m x 3.28 ft

100

3.28 ft

Hd 30m 7.449m x
80.755 ft. 203.588 ft.

1
m

20.472
100

For A. 10-IN. PIPE;

5279 GPM --------------- y = ?
3000 ---------------------- 10.08
2500 ----------------------

x
2,28

; y 7.80 x 20.472 ft
2779
500
7.80

20,000 Li.
1m3
3.28 ft x 7.48 gal. 5,279GPM
Q
x
x
min .
1,000 Li.
1m 3
ft 3

For A 16-IN. PIPE;

5000 GPM --------------5,279
---------------5500
----------------------

x2.39

x
279
y=?
0.21

;
0
.
24
500
2.66

y 2.39 x

2.39 0.11718

2.507 ft.

Also,
Hs

15
m
100

101.325 KPa KN m 2 1000 N

x
x
127mmHg x
760mmHg
KPa
KN

1000
Note:

kg 9.8 N
x
3
m
kg

- Ls x ft/100

7.5cm is just an additional data

But:

Ls

25
m
100

st.-pipe equivalent of one, 900-elbow & one, gate valic

+ 20m

44.64m146.419 ft.

hf LS
Hs

20.25m x 3.28 ft

80 ft

2.507 ft.
1000 ft

3.671 ft .

= ft. 0.15m 1.728m 1.119 m x 2.28 ft m 9.83 ft.

Vd

Vs

Q
Ad

Q
As

1 min
m3
3.28 ft
Li
.
20,000
x
x
x
min . 60 sec 1000li. m

10

4 12

21.56 ft

16
4 12

sec

ft 2

8.43 ft

21.46 2 8.432
H T 203.588 9.83
2 32.2

sec

Ans.

66.93m
219.532 FT .

H T TAH

3.28 ft

20.000 li min
m

2.2lbs

kg

m3

1000
li

66.93m
kg

1000 m 3

b.) Bhp in Kw

33,000

ft lbs
1hp
x
hp min 0.746 Kw

= 218.36 Kw
Ans.

Choose a 220-w std. value

Ans.

CANCELLED
hLS = Ls x f/100
Ls

25cm
0
20m + st. pipe equivalent of 1-90 -elbow &
100 cm
q.v.
m

Sa Table III, p. 315 pump by Kristal; (Ls) (f/100)

1 90 o elbow 1-gate value

25cm
58'
Ls
20m
1
100cm
3.28 m

22'
3.28

44.64m

Ans.

S 40.64cm 16"

hLd = Ld x f/100
Ld 30m 30m

0
30
m + st. pipe equiv. of 2-90 -elbow, 1 q. v. & c.v.
100

Ld 30 30 0.30
V2

Ad
4

13' 100'

114 .26m
3.28 3.28
V1

Q
As
4

gat .
1 ft 2
5279
x
min . 7.48 gal.
16

4 12

liters
gat.
1 ft 2
20,000
5279
x
sec
min . 7.48 gal.
10

4 12

0.545 ft 2

ft 1.3967 ft
2

1,295 ft

min

505.3 ft

min .

b.)
Bhp Calculated
(prime mover)

in KW =

60 o F

LPS
102

TDH in m

d in kg/m3

kw sec m 2
kg liters

H2O is @ std. and.

Qd 25.25cm

iinch
10"
2.54cm

10"

1 gate value

Qs 40.64cm x 1inch 16"

2.54cm

1 check value

13'

10"

2-900 check
elbow

1.295
TDH 37.45 1.57

505.32
2 x32.2 ft 2
sec

hLd Ldx f
100

10.08
= (114.26m x 3) x
100

hLd 34.55 H .

ft 2

100'

10"

2 x32' 64'

1 min 2
x
min 2 3600. sec 2

hLS

44.64
m

2.23'100 3.27 ft.

hLd p. 314 = 34. A

a.) TDH =

49.18m = 161.31

b.)
Bhp in Kw =

1000 kg

ft.

Ans.

3.28 ft 2.2lbs
m3
49.18m 20,000 li
x
x
x
min .
m3
m
1kg 1000li
ft lbs
1hp
33,000
x
hp min 0.746 KW

= 160.45 KW
Q in

Input power in Kw =

li

min .

Ans.
kg
in m 3

SOLUTION I: by Kents equation

a.)

Vd 2 Vs 2

H T Hd Hs
2
g

TDH in m.

Sp. gr.

3.28 ft 2.2lbs
m3
x
x
x
m
kg
1000li.

Where:

KN

2
1000 N
kg
m3
m
x
x
x
x
1KPa
KN
9.8 N 1000kg

= 30m +
KPa

73 x

KN

3
m 2 x 1000 N x kg x m
1KPa
KN
9.8 N 1000kg

30
Ld x f/100 = 30m + 30m +m
100

st. pipe equivalent

of 2-900 elbow,
gate value & check value.

st. pipe equivalent of 1 g.v.

= 13 ft.

st. pipe equivalent of 1 check value

= 100 ft.

st. pipe equivalent of 2-900-elbows

= 2 x 32 = 64 ft.

 hf Ld

1m
30
x
30m 30m
m 177 ft
3.28 ft
100

10.08
ft
100

= 37.78 ft.

Hd 30m 0.00775
15
Hs
m +
100

37.78 ftx

1m
3.28 ft

41.526m

KN 2
101.325 KPa
m x 1000 N
x
x
- 127mm Hg 760mmHg
KPa
KN

100 kg

x1x

9.8 N
kg

But:
Ls

25
m + st. pipe equivalent, of 1-900-elbow + 1100 gate value
20m

58

22

 hf LS

Hs
Vd

20.25 x
m

Ad

80 ft

2.23 ft
100 ft

li
1 min
m3
3.28 ft
20,000
x
x
x
min 60 sec 1000li
m3
2
10
2

ft
4 12

Q
Vs

HT =
Ans.

3.28 ft
m

16
4 12'

8.43 ft
2

sec .

TDH = 49.18m = 161.31 ft

b.)
BHP (calculated) in Kw
= prime mover

LPS

TDH in m

d in kg/m3

Kw sec m 3
102
kg liters

SOLUTION II. By use of Bernoullis Equation

from STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQN:

Ein = Eout
2

P
V1
P
V
H 1
Z1 2 2 Z 2 hLf 1 2
w
2g
w
2g
V2 V1
P2 P1
H

w
2g

Ns

Z 2 Z1 hLf 1 2

n Q suction
H

stage

SPECIFIC SPEED, NS:

References: p. 5-51 Kents Hdbk

p. 463, Steam Power
Stations by
Gaffert

Where: Ns
impeller of
n
Q
H

- specific speed
- it is used in defining the suction limitation of
different designs and pump eff.
- pump shaft speed; RPM (revolutions per minute)
- capacity; GPM (gallons per minute)
- total dynamic head; ft. of H20

TYPES OF IMPELLER

Ns
= 500
1500
= 1500
= 1500
8000
= 8000 & above

4500

Radial Type
Francis Type
Mixed type
Propeller (axial) type

Ref. p. 535, Fluid Mechanics w/ Engg Applications by

Franzini

Reciprocating Pumps

Bhp prime mover

(GPM) (TDH in ft. of H20) (sp. Gr. Of

H20)
(3960) (pump eff.)

1. If pump efficiency is not given;

see fig. 36, p. 5-72, Kents Hdbk (power vol.)

2. Other factors to be considered if pump eff. Is unknown;

a.) Hydraulic eff.;

h
x100%
h1

b.) Mech 1/1 eff.;

Bhp fhp
x100%
Bhp

c.) Volumetric eff.;v

Q Qloss
x100%

See p. 451, Fluid Mechanics by Daugherty

Hence, pump eff. = x m x v

Where: h
- is the actual head developed by or delivered by the
machine

h
- is the head delivered by the vanes to the fluid
Q
- actual flow delivered.

Suction head lift = 22 ft. (including loss)

see p. 49, Pumps by Kristal

pump location
must be as near to the source.

for POWER DRIVEN PUMP;

B S
VD
Where: VD

N
4
12
12
2


B
inches
S=L
inches

- piston displacement; CFM

- bore of pumps cylinder;
- stroke of pumps cylinder;

Effective V V vol.eff . n effective pump capacity

D
D
V
Where:

nV 100% % slip

SOLUTION:

% slip
see p. 5-92, Kents

2%
for new pumps increase factor of safety

OR see manufactures catalogs, HdbkA for permissible % slip

Pumps permissible Capacity =
Where:

VD nV

assuming pump is now.

Pumps permissible capacity

4 2 6

3000
=
4 12 12

0.98

= 128.20 CFM of H20

Ans.

DIRECT DRIVERN PUMP

The force Fs exerted by the Steam Cylinder tends to move

the liquid cylinder and the pumping action starts.

Standard speeds: A x B x C

Where: A > B

A
= bore of the steam side (prime mover side) cylinder
piston

B
= bore of H20 or liquid piston cylinder
C
= common stroke to both cylinders
Fs

FL

Pi Pe d S 2 Pi Pe A2

= Ps: As =
= PL AL

CAP pump

Pd Ps d L Pd Ps B 2
=
4

Vd nV ;

nV 100% % slip

B 2 S 1stroke / suction 1rev.

Where: Vd


min .
1rev.
4 12 12

Vd
- piston displacement in CFM at H20 cylinder
B
- bore of water cylinder; inches
S=C
- stroke of piston; inches
water side
Pd
- discharge pressure of the pump
Ps
- suction pressure of the pump water side
Steam side
Pi
- steam inlet pressure
Steam side
Pe
- steam exhaust pressure
(Pd-Ps) = total dynamic head (TDH)
(Pi-Pe) = Ps mean effective pressure (mep); ps;
ds = A - diameter or bore of steam cylinder
dL = B - diameter or bore of water cylinder
mechanical eff.,

F
nm L
Fs

Since Fs are not fully transmitted in the

liquid cylinder because of the slip
occurring on the piston and cylinder
walls.

 ds A d L orB
OR

A B

pd ps
pi pe nm

TDH
mep nm

For standard design;

A > B; meaning steam cylinder is always greater than the liquid

cylinder.
possibility of haring B > A
A = B.

PISTON DISPLACEMENT, VD:

1.) For single-acting,

2
Vd d L S N n
4

2.) For double-acting (neglecting piston rod area),

Vd

dL 2 S N n x 2
4

refers to the number of

pumping sides (or d.A.)

Considering rod effect;

Vd

2
2
dL S N n
d L dr 2
4
4

Where: N
n
dr

SNn

C.E.

H .E.

2
2
d L d L dr 2 S N n
4

- no. of pumping strokes / min.

- no. of cylinders
- piston rod diameter

Single-Acting - means that only one side (H.E.) of liquid cylinder

is used for pumping.

Double-Acting for pumping.

nV

Where:

means that both side (HE & CE) are used

actual CAP. Pump

Volumetric efficiency
Vd

nV 100% % slip
losses between piston &
cylinder p. 5-72, Hdbk (Power
Vd.)

OR see catalogs / other hdbk for permissible slip

slip % = 2%
for new pump

TYPES of DIRECT ACTING PUMPS:

1.) Simplex:

nL

no. of liquid cylinder = 1

nS

no. of steam cylinder = 1

2.) Duplex:
nL nS 2.

3.) Triplex:

nL nS 3.

TYPES of INDIRECT-ACTING PUMPS:

1.) Simplex:nL 1; nS 0
2.) Duplex: nL 2; nS 0
Useful Work, Whp heat supplied from the steam

Pump Duty

Wf TDH
;N m 6 j
6
10
Ws h1 hfe x10

9.8Wf TDH
; N m 6 KJ
10
Ws h1 hfe x106

Where: Wf

- wt. of liquid flowing;

Ws

- steam; kg/sec. kg sec .

h1

KJ
- enthalphy of steam at inlet conditions;
Kg

hfe

KJ
- enthalphy of steam at outlet conditions;

Kg

9.8 N = 1 kg.

Wk for the pump

Duty of PUMP, D Chargeable

=
Energy

I.

II.

III.

IV.

In terms of wet

106 Ww LHT ft lbs

;
steam;D

10 6

BTU

10 6 Ww LHT ft lbs
D
;
106 BTU
H

In terms of saturated steam;

103 Ww LHT ft lbs
D
;
103 lbs.steam
Ws

For Coal;
Dc

100 Ww LHT
Wc

For Steam;
103 Ww LHT
Ds
Ws

V.

For Heat;
10 6 Ww LHT
Dh
H

106 (pd + pi + pd) (Alf) NS

H
in ft lbs

10 6 BTU

Where:
C
S
h
Ww
Ws
LHT
Wc
H
Pd
Pi
Pd

coal
steam
heat
wt. of liquid water; lbs.
wt. of steam; lbs.
TDH; ft.
wt. of coal, lbs.
total heat consumed; BTU
hydrostatic head; ps;
intake pressure; ps;
discharge pressure; ps;

References:
accessories by

pp. 47-49, steam power plant auxiliaries &

Terrel Croft, 2nd ed.

CHAPTER 4

AIR COMPRESSORS

Air compressor (also gas compressor) is a machine used to

increase the pressure of an air (or gas) by decreasing its volume.

COMPRESSORS: (selection, thermodynamically, application).

I.SELECTION OF COMPRESSORS:
Factors to be considered:
1. Service condition
Volumetric eff.
Function of intake &
2. Operation
mechl. eff.
Discharge pressure
% clearance
no. of stages.
3. a)Type ( according to general classification)
a-1). Reciprocating positive type displacement
- used for high pressure & low vol. flow rates
a-2). Rotative (rotary, centrifugal) negative type displacement
- used for lower pressure & high vol. flow rates
b). No. of cylinders.
c). No. of stages
d). Position ( arrangement) of cylinders
4. Space

5. Type of prime movers

a). I.C.E. (diesel engines)
b). Steam turbines
c). Steam engines
d). Gas turbines
e). Hydraulic turbines
f). AC motors
6. Method of power transmission
a). Direct coupling
b). Belt
c). Chain & sprocket
7. Method of operation and control
8. Installation
a). Catalogs / manual from manufacturer
b). According to Code/s
9. Selection
a). Auxiliaries
b). Accessories
c). Type of cooling
10. Capacity (CFM.etc.)
a). Free air
b). CFM measured @intake pressure

FactorsAffecting Performance of Compressors

1. Elevation [(intake pressure(vacuum), air-hp, rating prime mover,
vol. eff. & mechl. eff. due to density of gas),capacity).
2. Speed (hp, capacity, pressure)
3. Piston displacement (% clearance, vol. eff. mechl. wear and
corrosion).
4. Heat losses (method of compression).

II. THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES:

1. ISOTHERMAL PROCESS (PV = C) (T = C follows Boyles law).
2. ISENTROPIC PROCESS (S = C), Adiabatic (Q = 0)
3. POLYTROPIC PROCESS (PVn = C).

A. For compressor w/o clearance

1. Isothermal (PV = C).

WKc = Area under curve a-1-2-b.

because the work done on piston from a to 1 by

pressure of gas @ P1 the work done on piston
from a to b.
Also, since the process is PV = C,
Then,
Where:
P1--- intake pressure
P2 ---discharge pressure
P2/P1 --- pressure ratio
V1 --- volume measured @
P1&
T1 coressponding to
mass m
m --- mass of that gas
passing
thru the
compressor

Process taking place inside the eq.

a- 1: Gas intake occurs @ constant pressure until the piston
researche bottom dead center.
1- 2: Gas is compressed isothermally until the pressure is ( for PV
= C) is that in the discharge line.
2 b: exhaust valve opens and the gas is discharged @ constant
pressure.
NOTE: since there is no Gas LEFT, the pressure P2 is not defined.
*IF P1 & P2
psta & V1
... Wkc = ft-lb/ min.

*IF P1 & P2
KPaa & V1
... Wkc = KW

CFM

m3/sec

2.ISENTROPICPROCESS:(PVk=C)
WKc=Area1-2a-b.

=
Vdp
sincetheweakdoneonthepistonfromato1bythepressureofgas@
P workdone2tob.

since PVk = C; Vk =

& V=

1/k

But; C1/k = VP 1/k and @ pt. 1, C1/k = V1P1 1/k

... Wkc = - k_ . or multiply eqn 1 by -a
k -1
Where; T1 ---- should be absolute or =
we will get:
F +460; k = C + 273
P1 & P2
abs. (psia/ kPaa)

3. POLYTROPIC PROCESS (PVn =C);

Change k to n:

VALUES of n;
a). For small cylinders;
n = 1.35+
b). Under good conditions,
n = 1.38 or less (as expected).
OR n = 1.35 1.38
NOTE: clearance value = 0; means that all the gas in the cylinder is
pushed out when the
piston is at the top
of its stroke.
Vol. eff., nv --- is used to describe how efficiently gas is drawn into a
compressor.

3.

IF Patm & P1 are given but not Tatm & T1;

Nva = 1 + c c

Due to clearance;
Nv = 1 to 8%
for large compressors
= 4 to 8%
common values used in practice to compressors
% leakage = 10% ---- as used by AIR INSTITUTE

For Polytropic compussion ( PVn = C);

WKcycle 1-2-3-4-1 = WKcurve a-1-2-b - WKcurve a-4-3-b = WKc

but: P3 = P2 & P1 =P4

NOTE: Since EXPANSION WORK is very small compared to

COMPRESSION WORK, then, the ERROR involved in setting n1 = n2
is also very small.

B. Compressor w/ clearance:
Processes involved;

4-1: Intake/ suction and is called suction line.

1-2: All valves closed, and tere is thermodynamic polytropic
compression precess @ S=C
(PVn1 = C)
2-3: Is the discharge; the piston pushing the gas from the open
discharge or exhaust valve
@ PVn2 = C.
3-4: Is an expansion of the gas left in the cylinders clearance space.
Actual volume, Vi = V1- V4
Displacement volume, VD = V1- V3
Apparent vol. eff., nv = Vi x 100 %
VD
Conventional vol. eff., nvc = 1 + c- c

IN ACTUAL COMPRESSOR, ideal do not occur,

... Wkc = actual vole ff.

Where; Patm & Tatm -------- refer to the pressure & temp. of the
sorroundings OR
atmospheric
pressure temp.
REASONS: There are frictional effects to over come in flowing around
the intake valves, as well as flow irreversibilities in the cylinder itself.
Furthermore, the cylinder wells of the compressor are warm, and this
raises the temp. of the incoming gas.

REMARKS; The difference between eqns. 3 & 1 is the volume term (V1
V4). This term represents the amount of gas drawn into the cylinder
at T1& P1.

AAS A RESULT, The SAMALLER THE CLEARANCE VOLUME, the greater

From Thermo w/ Engg. Applications by Burghardt

VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY, Nv
Nv---- is used to describe to how efficienly gas is drawn into a
compressor.
Volume (mass) of gas drawn in
Max. possible amount of gas that
could be drawn in
The compressors function is to take gas in and raise its
pressure to a higher level. The volume of gas drawn in (during one
stroke) is a function of the piston displacement, V D.
Ideal vol. efficiency, Nvc =
Volume (mass) of gas drawn in
Max. possible amount of gas that
could be drawn in

From p. 1- 43, Kents Hdbk;

The capacity of a compressor is less than the piston
displacement. Thus,

PROB#1). A large mining company has provided 109,000ft3 of

compressed air
storage. The pressure of air in storage drops
from 100 to 25 psia, with t
he temperature remaining constant at
80F.
a). What is the weight of air stored initially?
b). By what % was the wt. of the air in storage been reduced?

SOLUTION:

PROB#2). An ideal compressor has a displacement volume of 15

liters and a
clearance volume of 0.60 liter. It receives air at
100KPa and
discharges it at 500KPa. The compression is
polytropic with n1=1.31
and the expansion is isentropic with
n2 =k =1.4.
DETERMINE: a). the net cycle work; and
b). the erroe involved if n2 = n1.
SOLUTION:

PROB#3). A single- stage, single- cylinder compressor is rated at

450m3/min. of free air. The intake air is at 101.325Kpaa
and 28C
and is compressed to 1030Kpaa. The compression
constant equals
PV1.35.
a). find the horsepower required to compress the air;
b)if the overall efficiency of the DIESEL ENGINE as prime
mover &
compressor is 85%, What is the horsepower of the
diesel engine required to drive it?
SOLUTION:

ALTERNATIVE I ( Using English System);

ALTERNATIVE II; ( Using Metric System):

b). Hpc of prime mover =

Hpc
= WKc = 3,239hp
over-all-eff.
0.85

= 3811 hp
. . . select a std. value from catalogs/ manufactures say
3825hp Ans.
SOLUTION:
# 2).

a.) assume compressor w/ clearance:

Reasons
see definition of clearance
4. USE C = 4% (common use value).

PROB#4).
REQUIRED is a reciprocating compressor with the ff. data:
1.) 1200 CFM of free air (capacity at 14.7 psia & 80F)
2.) to be compressed to 150psia using n= 1.35
3. ) intake pressure at location = 14psia
4.) % clearance = 3.
5.) medium speed in RPM
6. ) double- acting type; 1-stage
7.) electric motor driven
DETERMINE:
a). the compressor dimensions
b). probable mean indicated pressure
c) Bhp of acting motor
PROB#5). The piston displacement of ta double- acting compressor
is
0.358m3/sec, delivers gas from 101.325Kpa &
30K to 675Kpa at
theratio of 0.166m3/sec at 150RPM. Value
of n for compression
and expansion is 1.33. Find;
a). The compressors percent clearance; and
b). The bore and stroke assuming bore = stroke and
displacement of
crank end & head end are the same.

SOLUTION:

PROB#6). An air compressor with a clearance of 6% is to compress

30m3/min. of free air where the atmospheric
pressure is 100Kpaa
& the atm. temp. is 25C, At the end of
the suction stroke, the
pressure and the temp. of the air in the
cylinder are 95Kpaa &
30C. For a discharge pressure of
500Kpa, determine:
a). conventional vol. eff.;
b). actual vol. eff.;and
c). displacement of the compressor when the compression
process
is:
1). Isothermal;
2). Isentropic with k=n =1.4
3). Polytropic w/ n= 1.33
SOLUTION:

1.a) Under Isothermal process, PV = C conventional vol. eff.,

nvc = 1 + c c (P2/P1)1/n
where: n = 1
for isothermal
= 1.4
isentropic
= 1.33
polytropic
Also, c = 6%
Pd = P2 = P3 = 500KPa
Ps = P1 = P4 = 95KPa

MULTI - STAGE COMPRESSION

When pressure of 300Kpa and above are desined, it takes

less work to use 2 or more stages for compression. The exact tradeoff would be made on the basis of cost, as virtually all trade-off are
made. Multiple-stage compression is more efficient in that the gas
may be cooled between the compression stages. This is also
necessary to prevent vaporization of the lubricating oil and to
prevent its ignition should the temperature become too high. This
could easily happen in single-stage compression to a high pressure.

A Schematic Diagram of Multi Stage Compression

w/Intercooling

4
Fig.1

1st stage

Intercooler

2nd

stage
Compression

cooling H2O

compression

Fig.(1) illustrates the 2-stage compressor w/ an

Intercooler between the 1st & 2nd stages. Ideally, the
INTERCOOLER WILL BRING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE GAS
LEAVING
THE
INTERCOOLER
DOWN
TO
AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE. Figures (3) & (4) illustrate the P-V & T-S
diagram for the compressor. To accomplish this temperature
drop, the intercooler may be water-jacketed. (For 2-stage
compressors, the intercooler may consist of a parallel set of
finned pipes connecting the low- pressure discharge header to
the high- pressure intake header. The air from the fluted vanes
on the compressor flywheel blows over the tubes, cooling the
compresse gas within the tubes).
The work for the 1st & 2nd stage cylinders are:

Prob.). A two-stage air compressor has an intercooler pressure of

4kg/cm2. Find its discharge pressure if its suction pressure is
1.5kg/cm2.

SOLUTION:

Prob.). A two-stage air compressor has a suction pressure of

14.2psia and a discharge pressure 131psig. What is the intercooler
pressure? Express your answer in kpag.

SOLUTION:

Prob.). A two-stage compressor with first stage piston

displacement of 90,000 cm3/sec is driven by an electric motor.
Motor output is 33hp, suction temperature is 21C, volumetric
efficiency is 85%, mechanical effiency is 94%, the intercooler
pressure is 29psig. Air temperature in and out of the intercooler
are 103C and 43C, respectively. Find discharge pressure is
100psig, suction pressure at 14.3psia. Find:
a).compression efficiency;
b). power saving by the intercooler; and
c). heat recovered in the intercooler expressed in KJ/sec.

a). SOLUTION:

Problem #1) A 3-stage compressor is used to compress air from

15psia & 70F to 600psia with n = 1.32. Compute for the
theoreticalcycle, the following:
a). Intermediate pressures
b). The cycle work of compressor / lb. of Air.
c). Heat transfer in each intercooler.

SOLUTION:

NOTE: IHp should be computed separately since they have different

values for BORE & STROKE.
Comp.eff. = Air Hp
Bhp
NOTE: Air Hp could be S = 0 process; T = 0 process; OR PV n =C
process.

Problem #2). In a certain INDUSTRIAL PLANT Using a 3-stage

compressor
with PV1.4 = C, there are discharged
20m3/min. of air at a
delivery pressure of 4Mpa.
The compressor is directly
coupled to a diesel
engine which has a brake thermal eff.
of 32%. If the
over-all efficiency is 87% and the diesel
engine uses fuel oil with specific gravity of 0.87 at 32C
and heating value of 44,890KJ/kg, determine the
following:
a). The barrel of fuel required to operate this compressor
for one
month continuosly.
b). The savings in power due to staging.
c). The corrected intercooler pressure for minimum work
assuming
that air is at 740Kpa & 32C
SOLUTION:

ROATATIVE COMPRESSORS

Rotative is often used for supercharging diesel engines.

Centrifugal is used in gas-turbine units like axial flow
Compressor is similar in a appearance to the reaction steam
turbine.

Wk of Rotative Compressors

WKc = m (h2 h1) = Area under the curve a-1-2-b-a

(actual indicated)

WKc = m (h2 h1) = Area under the curve a-1-2-b-a

(ideal or theoretical)

Where: h2 --- is the actual enthalpy of the gas leaving the

compressor
h1 --- inlet enthalpy
h2 --- ideal enthalpy of the gas leaving the compressor
a 1: --- suction process
1 2: --- polytropic compression process (line)
1 2: -- denotes irreversible isentropic process (PVk = C)
between the
inlet and the actual exit conditions.
2 b: --- discharge proces

Where: Ncn --- compression efficiency

--- an indication of how closely the actual
compression
process approaches the ideal
process.
Sample Prob]. Air is compressed in a centrifugal compressor from
110kpa &
300k to 330kpa. The compression
efficiency is 0.90.
Determine the work per unit mass
of air using the ideal gas law.

SOLUTION:

COMPARISON OF COMPRESSORS

1). RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR may use more than

11,200kw
and produce
discharge
pressure of
200Mpa.
1.a). Two- Stage recip. Comp. may be able to handle
2.4m3/sec at inlet conditions.
2). ROTATIVE COMPRESSOR are able to produce discharge
pressure of several Mpa and
have flow
rates of several hundred
in3/sec.

In short, there is a wide range of overlap in operating

conditions for these 2 basic types, and other factors such as
MAINTENANCE & FREQUENCY OF OPERATION must be
considered before selecting one type or the other.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Engr. Pedro S. De Leon is a Professional Mechanical Engineer

since April 1, 1986. He holds the following course / degrees: Post
Doctoral Course in Total Quality Management in Higher Education
(PDC-TQM), Doctor of Philosophy(Ph.D.) major in Science Education,
Master of Science in Engineering Management (MSEM), Master in
Business Administration (MBA) and Bachelor of Science in
Mechanical Engineering (BSME). He also finished the Academic
Requirements leading to the degrees in Master of Science in
Mechanical Engineering (MSME ) and Master in Public Administration
(MPA), respectively.

Engr. De Leon was a former Reviewer of the then

Engineering Review Center of the Philippines (ERCP), Manila and
Review Director of the defunct Northern Philippines Review Center
(NPRC), Pangasinan, respectively. He was also a former Chairman,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Feati University (FU); a former
Associate Dean /
Professorial Chair Holder in Engineering /
Engineering Research Coordinator of the Pangasinan
State
University (PSU); a former Faculty Member of FU, PSU, Technological
Institute of the Philippines (TIP) Quezon City Campus and Virgen
Milagrosa University Foundation (VMUF) Pangasinan. He has

Engr. De Leon is a recipient of the 1996 TOME (The

Outstanding Mechanical Engineer) Award in the field of Education
bestowed by the Philippines Society of Mechanical Engineeers
(PSME) and the Leadership Award given by the Rotary Club of
Undaneta, District 3790, Rotary International as President of said
Club for RY 2004- 2005, reapectively. He was also a Biographee of
the 15th Edition of the Marquis Whos Who in the World published
1998 in U.S.A. and the Outstanding People in the 20th Century,
published in 1999 in England; respectively.

Engr. De Leon is co-author of the books entitled, Strength

of Materials, 1998 Edition and Engineering Management, 1997
Edition; both published by Rex Publishing House, Manila,
Philippines. He is also a sole-author of a Reviewer / Text of the
Solution to Problems in Power Plant Engineering (by Morse in MKS
Units), 1996 Edition by Rex Publishing House.

At present Engr. De Leon is the Dean, College of

Engineering, University of Perpetual Help System DALTA (UPHDS)
Calamba Campus, Calamba City, Laguna and the Chairman, Board
of Trustees of Pevhee Izel School, Sto. Barbara, Pangasinan.

In additional to his academic / teaching experiences, Engr.

De Leon has worked with herein listed government agencies and
private entities below: Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA), formerly Metropolitan Manila Commission Office of the
Commissioner for Planning (MMC OCP), Quezon City: Department
of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Regioanal Equipment
Services (RES), Region IV B, EDSA Quezon City; Precision
Electronics Corporation (PEC), Taytay, Rizal; and Global
Engineering and Consultancy Services Co.,Quezon City.

As to his affliations, he is the President of PSME Academe

Chapter (2007-2009); Past President of PSME Pangasinan Chapter
(1993-1997); PSME National Officer (VP Technical Affairs 2000;
National Director; 1999 and P.R.O. Northern Luzon, 1998) and Life
Member of PSME since 1991. He is also a member of Pollution
Control Association of the Philippines (PCAPI); American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME); and American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*Baumeister, T., et. Al., Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical

Engineers, Mc Graw-Hill Book, Co. New York, 8th Ed.

*Burghardth, M.D., Engineering Thermodynamics with Applications,

Harper & Row Publishers, New York; 2nd Ed.
Franzini , Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications,

*Croft, T., Steam power Plant Auxiliaries & Accessories,

*Kristal, F.A. and Anneth, F.A., Pumps : Types, Selection, Installation,

Operation and Maintenance, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
2nd Ed.

*Potter, P. J., Power Plant Theory & Design, The Ronald Press
Company, New York, 2nd Ed.

*Solisbury, J.K., Kents Mechanical Engineers Handbook (Power

Volume), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 12th Ed,

*Swain, p., Plant Energy Systems,