DC moTOR

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Energy can be converted form one form to another.

It is based on principle that when current carrying

conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force. F=BIL

Cont
The direction of mechanical force is given by Flemings left hand
rule.
It is found that whenever an current carrying conductor is placed
inside a magnetic field, a force acts on the conductor, in a
direction perpendicular to both the directions of the current and
the magnetic field. If the fore finger represents the direction of the
field and the second finger that of the current, then thumb gives
the direction of the force.

BACK EMF
When the armature winding of dc motor is start rotating in the
magnetic flux produced by the field winding, it cuts the lines of
magnetic flux and induces the emf in the armature winding.
According to Lenzs law (The law that whenever there is an
induced electromotive force (emf) in a conductor, it is always in
such a direction that the current it would produce would oppose
the change which causes the induced emf. ), this induced emf acts
in the opposite direction to the armature supply voltage. Hence
this emf is called as back emfs.

ZNP
Eb
60 A

VOLTAGE EQUATION
The voltage applied across the motor armature has to
Overcome the back emf Eb &
Supply the armature ohmic drop IaRa

V Eb I a Ra

Multiply both sides by Ia

VI a Eb I a I a2 Ra
VIa= Electrical Input to armature
EbIa= Electrical equivalent of
mechanical power developed in the
Armature

CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM POWER

The gross mechanical power developed by motor is

Pm VI a I a2 Ra
Differentiating both the sides wrt Ia and equating the result to zero
dPm
V 2 I a Ra 0
dI a

I a Ra V

V Eb I a Ra
I a Ra V

Eb V

TORQUE
The term torque is meant the turning or twisting moment of a
force about an axis. It is measured by the product of the force and
radius at which this force acts.
Consider a pulley of radius r metre acted upon by a
circumferential force of F newton which causes it to rotate at N
RPM.
Torque T=F * r
Work done by this force in one revolution
= Force X Distance = F * 2r
Power developed = F * 2r * N
= (F * r) * 2N
=T*

ARMATURE TORQUE
Power developed = Ta * 2N
Electrical Power Converted into Mechanical Power = EbIa
Ta * 2N= EbIa

ZNP
Eb
A
ZI a P
Ta 0.159
A
Ta I a

SHAFT TORQUE
The whole of armature torque is not available for doing useful
work, because a certain percentage of it is required for supplying
iron and friction losses in the motor.
The torque which is available for doing useful work is known as
shaft torque.

Output Tsh * 2 N
Output
Output
60 * Output
Output
Tsh

9.55
2 N 2 N
2 N
N
60
The difference (Ta-Tsh) is known as lost torque and is due to iron
& friction losses of the motor.