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What will happen to the waves after they hit

the retaining wall?


Reflect.

1.2 Analysing Reflection of Waves

4 phenomena of waves
1. Reflection of waves
2. Refraction of waves
3. Diffraction of waves
4.Interference of waves

Ripple Tank
Wavefront

QUESTIONS
What is the use of the ripple
tank?
To create water waves so that
waves phenomena can be
investigate
Why
do we need to use the sponge?
To prevent reflection from occurring
How are the images
produced?
Name the instrument that can be
used to freeze the image of the wave
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Formation of waves pattern using Ripple tank

Pattern

Reflection of waves
is a phenomenon where all or part of the waves
are returned when they encounter a reflector

before and after wave reflects


1.wavelength,

equal

2. frequency, f

equal

3. speed, v

equal

4. amplitude, a

equal

5.Direction of
propagation
of wave

change
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Diagram to show reflection of waves

Reflected
waves

Incident
waves

Plane
reflector
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Rules to draw reflection diagram


Reflected
waves
Incident
waves

Plane
reflector

Normal
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Direction of
propagation of
incident waves

Incident
waves
reflector
i

r
Direction of
propagation of
reflected
waves

Reflected
waves
Angle of incident =
Angle of reflected

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Diagram to show reflection of waves

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Diagram to show reflection of waves

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1.3 Refraction of waves


Is a phenomenon
where there is change of direction in the
propagation of waves
when they move from one medium to another
medium
due to change of speed

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Sound waves,

Denser

less dense

Light waves

(Cold air)

(hot air)

Water waves

Shallow area

Depth area

1. wavelength

shorter

longer

2.frequency, f

equal

equal

3.speed, v

lower

higher

4.amplitude, a

lower

higher

towards
normal

away
normal

5.Direction of
propagation of
wave

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Refraction of Waves

Deep
area

Shallow
area

Deep
area
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Refraction of Waves

Deep area
Shallow area

Deep area
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1.3 Refraction of waves

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Refraction of sound waves

Warm day

layer of air near the


surface warmer

Cold air

Denser

Hot air

Less dense

Earth surface

layer of hot air less


dense than layer of cold
air
sound wave travels
faster in hot air than
cold air
sound wave
refracts away
from the earth

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Refraction of sound waves


Cold night

layer of air near the


surface cooler

hot air

layer of cold air


denser than layer of hot
air

Less dense

Cold air

Denser

sound wave travels


faster in hot air than
cold air
sound wave refracts
toward earth

Earth surface
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Deep
area

headland
Shallow
area

headland

headland

Bay beach

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Refraction on water waves near a beach

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Wavefront bend until they almost take the


outline of the shore
Wavelength and speed decrease
Energy is spread out through the bay beach
Energy per part of bay beach is less than
headland

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1.4 Diffraction of waves

Is a phenomenon which waves spread


out after move through a gap or obstacle

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before and after wave diffracts


wavelength

equal

frequency

equal

speed

equal

amplitude

Change (decrease)

Direction of
propagation
of wave

change
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When the width of


the gap is
approximately the
wavelength,
the diffracted
waves spread out
more
When the width of the
gap is wider than
wavelength,
the diffracted waves
spread out less
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The narrower the gap,


the more the waves spread out
When the width is approximately the
wavelength, the diffracted waves spread out
more
When the width is wider than the
wavelength, the diffracted waves spread
out less (small diffraction)
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Diffraction of light waves


Diffraction pattern of light waves

Dark fringes

Bright fringes
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Diffraction of sound waves


Why low frequency sound waves are
diffracted more than the high
frequency sound waves ???????????

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Interference of waves
Principle of superposition
Interference of waves
Draw interference patterns
Solve problem involving = ax/D

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Principle of superposition
States that when two waves are overlap,
the resultant displacement is equal to the
sum of the displacements of the individual
wave

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Superposition of 2 crests
P

Q
a

a
+

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Superposition of 2 troughs

c
P

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Superposition of a trough and a crest

Q
a
+

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Interference of waves
Is the superposition of 2 waves
originating from 2 coherent sources
Constructive interference
Occurs when the vertical
displacements of 2 waves

Destructive interference
Occurs when the crest of wave

in the same direction overlap

overlap with the trough of other


wave , canceling each other

and produce maximum


displacement

and the resultant amplitude is zero

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Interference of water waves

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Interference pattern

Antinodes line
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Interference pattern

Nodes line
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nodes line
x

S1

x
S2

Antinodes
line
nodes line

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a=
x=

D=

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antinode is a point where constructive


interferences occur
node is a point where destructive
interferences occur
antinode line is the line that joins all antinodes
node line is the line that joins all nodes

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Formula for interference

ax

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YOU NEVER FAIL UNTIL YOU STOP TRYING

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