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Data
Map of Orono
E911 road file for Orono
Tax maps for Orono
Questionaire results
Source
Maine Office of GIS
Maine Office of GIS
Town Office need to
digitize
Need to collect by
interviews
Lecture 12
Basic Spatial Analysis
Ch. 9 Part 1
Input Scope
Local point to point
Neighborhood
adjacent regions have
input
Global the entire input
data layer may influence
output
Measurement
Queries & Selection
Reclassification
Buffering
Overlay
Network Analysis
A1 B1 4 2 4 2 32 5.7
P 3 2 7 2 1 2 1 5 23
A1 B1 4 2 4 2 32 5.7
2*3
2*3
2*2
4*3
P 3 2 7 2 1 2 1 5 23
A l * w 6 12 6 4 28
Figure 6.4
Measurement
Queries & Selection
Reclassification
Buffering
Overlay
Network Analysis
Query
A question to the database.
The database response is a table.
The ArcGIS database response is
selected records. If the table is the feature
table it also displays the selection on the
map.
Selected records can be exported to form
a new shapefile/feature class.
Theme Name
SQL
Set Algebra
Selection Conditions may be formalized using
set algebra:
Symbols:
, , , , ,
Field Names
The Field list in this dialog automatically lists
fields with the appropriate delimiters for the type
of data you are querying:
If you are querying data in a file geodatabase,
shapefile, dBase table, coverage, INFO table,
then field names are enclosed in double quotes:
"AREA
If you are querying data in a personal
geodatabase then field names are enclosed in
square brackets:
[AREA]
Strings
"STATE_NAME" = 'California'
UPPER("LAST_NAME") = 'JONES'
Strings
You can use greater than (>), less than (<), greater than or equal (>=),
less than or equal (<=) and BETWEEN operators to select string
values based on sorting order. For example, this expression will select
all the cities in a coverage with names starting with the letters M to Z:
The not equal (<>) operator can also be used when querying strings.
Strings
Wildcard Characters
A wildcard character is a special symbol that stands for one or more characters.
For any file-based data, '%' means that anything is acceptable in its place: one
character, a hundred characters, or no character. Alternatively, if you want to search
with a wildcard that represents one character, use '_'.
For example, this expression would select any name starting with the letters Cath, such
as Cathy, Catherine, and Catherine Smith:
But this expression would find Catherine Smith and Katherine Smith:
"OWNER_NAME" LIKE '_atherine smith'
The wildcards you use to query personal geodatabases are '*' for any number of
characters and '?' for one character.
LIKE
Wildcards
IS keyword
Querying Numbers
You can query numbers using the equal
(=), not equal (<>), greater than (>), less
than (<), greater than or equal (>=), and
less than or equal (<=) operators.
"POPULATION96" >= 5000
Calculations
For example:
For example, to find the countries with a population density of less than or
equal to 25 people per square mile, you could use this expression:
Operator Precedence
This example:
HOUSEHOLDS > MALES * POP90_SQMI + AREA
You can either click to add parentheses and then enter the
expression you want to enclose, or highlight the existing expression
that you want to enclose and then press the Parentheses button to
enclose it.
Combining Expressions
When you use the OR operator, at least one expression of the two
expressions separated by the OR operator must be true for the record to be
selected.
Spatial Selection
Identifying features based on spatial criteria
Adjacency, connectivity, containment, arrangement
Selection based
on spatial and
non-spatial
attributes
Measurement
Queries & Selection
Reclassification
Buffering
Overlay
Network Analysis
Spatial data
analysis:
Reclassification
An assignment of a class
or value based on the
attributes or geography of
an object
Example:
Parcels
Reclassified
By size
Reclassify in ArcGIS
Natural Breaks
Equal Interval
Equal interval divides the range of attribute values into
equal-sized subranges.
This allows you to specify the number of intervals, and
ArcGIS will automatically determine the class breaks
based on the value range. For example, if you specify
three classes for a field whose values range from 0 to
300, ArcGIS will create three classes with ranges of 0
100, 101200, and 201300.
Equal interval is best applied to familiar data ranges,
such as percentages and temperature.
This method emphasizes the amount of an attribute
value relative to other values. For example, it will show
that a store is part of the group of stores that make up
the top one-third of all sales.
From ArcGIS 10 Help
Equal Interval
Quantile
Each class contains an equal number of
features.
A quantile classification is well suited to
linearly distributed data.
Quantile assigns the same number of data
values to each class.
There are no empty classes or classes
with too few or too many values.
From ArcGIS 10 Help
Quantile
Standard Deviation
The Standard deviation classification method
shows you how much a feature's attribute value
varies from the mean.
ArcMap calculates the mean and standard
deviation. Class breaks are created with equal
value ranges that are a proportion of the
standard deviationusually at intervals of 1,,
, or standard deviations using mean values
and the standard deviations from the mean.
A two-color ramp helps emphasize values above
the mean and values below the mean.
From ArcGIS 10 Help
Standard Deviation
Geometric Interval
The geometrical interval classification scheme creates class
breaks based on class intervals that have a geometrical
series. The geometrical coefficient in this classifier can
change once (to its inverse) to optimize the class ranges.
The algorithm creates geometrical intervals by minimizing
the square sum of elements per class. This ensures that
each class range has approximately the same number of
values with each class and that the change between
intervals is fairly consistent.
This algorithm was specifically designed to accommodate
continuous data. It produces a result that is visually
appealing and cartographically comprehensive. It minimizes
variance within classes and can even work reasonably well
on data that is not normally distributed.
From ArcGIS 10 Help
Geometric Interval
Measurement
Queries & Selection
Reclassification
Buffering
Overlay
Network Analysis
Measurement
Queries & Selection
Reclassification
Buffering
Overlay
Network Analysis
Overlay
Combination of different
data layers
Both spatial and attribute
data is combined
Requires that data layers
use a common coordinate
system
A new data layer is created
Vector Overlay
Topology is likely to be different
Vector overlays often identify line intersection points
automatically.
Intersecting lines are split and a node placed at the
intersection point
Topology must be recreated for later processing
Any type of vector may be overlain with any other type
Output typically takes the lowest dimension of the inputs
For example: Point on Polygon results in a point
Ambiguous
result
Unambiguous
result
Vector Overlay
(common ways applied)
CLIP
INTERSECTION
UNION
CLIP
Cookie cutter approach
Bounding polygon defines the clipped second
layer
Neither the bounding polygon attributes nor
geographic (spatial data) are included in the
output layer
INTERSECTION
Combines data from both layers but only for the
bounding area
(Bounding polygon also defines the output layer
Data from both layers are combined
Data outside the bounding layer (1st layer) is
discarded)
UNION
Includes all data from both the bounding and
data layers
New polygons are formed by the
combinations of the coordinate data from
each layer
F in d in g the
t h e interior:
In t e rio r: Is
Is a
a point
p o in t inside
in s id e aa polygon
p o ly g o n (shaded)
?
Finding
?
n= 2, out
PPotential
o t e n t ia l ppoint
o in t
n= 4, out
n = 1 , in
Algorithm:
Pick a
A lgdirection
o rit h m :
(East (right)
c o u inn tthe
lin example)
e c ro s s in g s t o
n = 3 , in
Count oline
u t s idcrossings
e o f c o n to
v e the
x h u ll,
t h econvex
y is a n hull
o d d (shaded
num ber
outsideif of
polygon)t h e p o in t is in s id e , if
If odd enumber
v e n n u then
m b e the
r, p opoint
in t is
inside o u t s id e
If even, the point is outside
Vector Overlay
Common features in Vector overlays create
Slivers or Sliver polygons
A common feature in both layers. The problem is
that each definition is very subtly different (different
time, source, materials) so the polygons dont line up.
They can only be seen a very large display scale
but can represent over half the output polygons.
They take very little space but affect analytical
results.