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CHEMISTRY
BY: SIDHANT
PRAKASH
SOME WELL-PUBLICIZED
INCIDENTS FROM THE PAST
FEW DECADES
SOME WELL-PUBLICIZED
INCIDENTS FROM THE PAST
FEW DECADES
An accidental release
of chemicals, including
dioxin, in Seveso, Italy,
in 1976 resulted in
death of farm animals
and long-term health
problems for many
local residents.
ENVIRONMENTAL
DISASTERS
DDT
CFCs
Love Canal
ENVIRONMENTAL
DISASTERS
Became rallying points for
environmental laws
120
110
100
APA
SWDA
CERCLA
CZMIA
COWLDA
FWLCA
MPRSAA
CAAA
CWA
SMCRA
SWRCA
SDWAA
90
80
NAWCA
RCRAA
WLDI
50
AQA
FOIA
40
WQA
NWPA
ARPA
BLBA
HMTA
FWPCA
MPRSA
CZMA ESA
NCA TAPA
FEPCA
PWSA
MMPA
60
Laws
Number of
70
AQ
A
SDWAA
SARA
MPRSAA
FRRRPA
SOWA
DPA
FCMHSA
WRPA
AFCA
30
TA
FWCA
BPA
20
10
YA
0
1870 1880 1890
RHA
WA
NBRA
IA
AA
1900
NPS
1910 1920
MBCA
1930
AEPA
FHSA
NFMUA
FIFRA PAA
FAWRA
NLRA
WPA
1940
1950
NHPA
WLDA
FWCAA
FWA
AEA
1960
1970
WSRA
EA
RCFHSA
1980
PPA
PPVA
IEREA
ANTPA
GLCPA
ABA
CZARA
WRDA
EDP
OPA
RECA
CAAA
GCRA
GLFWRA
HMTUSA
NEEA
1990
BLRA
ERDDAA
EAWA
NOPPA
PTSA
UMTRCA
ESAA
QGA
NCPA
TSCA
FLPMA
RCRA
NFMA
CZMAA
NEPA
EQIA
CAA
EPA
EEA
OSHA
FAWRAA
NPAA
2000
Risk=f(Hazard, Exposure)
environmental laws attempt to control exposure
Controlling Exposure =
end of the pipe solution
Cost to Industry
Industries in the US spend over
$100 billion/year on waste
treatment, control, and disposal.
1996 Dupont spent $ 1 billion for
environmental compliance
(research budget $ 1 billion;
chemical sales of $18 billion)
Risk=f(HAZARD, Exposure)
Eliminate the hazard, no need
to worry about the exposure!
GREENCHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
GREEN
PREVENTING POLLUTION
SUSTAINING THE EARTH
WHAT IS A
SUSTAINABLE
CIVILIZATION?
WE SHOULD CONSIDER
THIS QUESTION FROM
SEVERAL VIEWPOINTS:
The environment and human health.
A stable economy that uses energy
and resources efficiently.
Social and political systems
that lead to a just society.
IN A SUSTAINABLE
CIVILIZATION
Technologies used for
production of needed goods
are not harmful to the
environment or to human
health.
Renewable resources (such
as plant-based substances
or solar energy) are used
rather than those, like
fossil fuels, that will
eventually run out.
IN A SUSTAINABLE
CIVILIZATION
At the end of their use, materials
are recycled if they are not
biodegradable (easily broken
down into harmless substances
in the environment).
IN A SUSTAINABLE
CIVILIZATION
Manufacturing processes are either
designed so as not to produce
waste products,
OR
Waste products are recycled or
biodegradable.
BENEFITS OF
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:
Antibiotics and other medicines
Fertilizers, pesticides
Plastics
Nylon, rayon, polyester, and
other synthetic materials
Gasoline and other fuels
Water purification
Ibuprophen
Lipitor
Celebrex
Vioxx
Rogaine
Prozac
Viagra
Prilosec
Nylon
Dacron
PET
Polystyrene
Acrylics
Teflon
Rayon
Polyaniline
DNA
Recombinant
Technology
PCR
THE POLLUTION
PREVENTION ACT OF 1990
This was the U.S.
environmental law stating
that the first choice for
preventing pollution is to
design industrial processes
that do not lead to waste
production.
This is the approach of green
chemistry.
GREEN CHEMISTRY
WORKS TOWARD
SUSTAINABILITY BY:
Making chemical products that do not
harm either our health or the
environment,
Using industrial processes that reduce
or eliminate hazardous chemicals, and
GREEN CHEMISTRY
WORKS TOWARD
SUSTAINABILITY BY:
Designing more efficient processes
that minimize the production of waste
materials.
GREEN CHEMISTRY
MEANS
Preventing pollution before it
happens rather than cleaning up
the mess later.
GREEN CHEMISTRY
MEANS
Saving companies money by
using less energy and
fewer/safer chemicals, thus
reducing the costs of pollution
control and waste disposal.
GREEN CHEMISTRY
Pollution Prevention Act 1990
GC Began in 1991 at EPA, Paul Anastas
1996 Presidential Green Chemistry
Challenge Awards
1997 Green Chemistry and Engineering
Conference
1999 Journal Green Chemistry
Chemical & Engineering News
2001 Journal of Chemical Education
EXAMPLES OF
GREEN CHEMISTRY
LEAD POLLUTION
HAS BEEN DECREASED BY
CHEMICAL FOAMS
TO FIGHT FIRES
CHEMICALS FOR
DRY CLEANING
A SAFER METHOD OF
DRY CLEANING
GREEN CHEMISTRY
DEFINITION
* Green Chemistry Theory & Practice, P T Anastas & J C Warner, Oxford University Press 1998
2. Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximise the incorporation of all materials
used in the process into the final product.
A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and
economically practicable
8 Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/de-protection, and temporary modification
of physical/chemical processes) should be minimised or avoided if possible, because such steps require
additional reagents and can generate waste.
9 Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
Energy
Environmental Impact
COST
Safer Reactions
Catalysis
& Reagents
Separation
Processes
Solvent
Green
Replacement
Use of
Chemistr
y
Renewable
Feedstocks
Energy
Waste
Efficiency
Process
Intensification
Minimisation
IN SUMMARY,
GREEN CHEMISTRY IS
Scientifically sound,
Cost effective, and
Leads toward a sustainable
civilization.