OTHER SERVICES IN

THE
BUILDING

General Principles
Provide adequate quantity of water supply in
building.
Provide sanitary fittings.
Provide adequate and effective drainage to
building.
All WCs bathroom, kitchen etc should be grouped
on one side of building and located on at least to
one side of the building.
General slope of the floor , terrace should be
towards the wall on which drainage pipes are laid.

Water supply and sanitation

Water distribution methods:
Gravity distribution
Direct pumping
Distribution by pumps & elevated storage
tank

Design of distribution system

Dead-end/free-end/tree-end
Grid-iron or reticulation system
Circular or ring system
Radial system

 Types of water supply system :

1)Intermittent System and
2)Continuous System
Intermittent :
If adequate water is not available or sufficient
pressure is not available than the whole
community is divided into several zones and each
zone is supplied water for a fixed hour in a day or
alternate days.
Continuous :
This is the best method in which the water is
supplied to the required area during all 24 hrs of
a day.

Supply Mains
Categorized on basis of function of pipes :
1. Trunk or primary pipelines
2. Communication pipes or secondary pipelines
and
3. Service mains or consumer pipelines

1)Trunk or primary pipelines

:
Municipal large size pipe laid along main roads.
Should have adequate size to give required rate of
flow of water.
Divided into different sections but no dead ends.
Air valves in summits and washouts at low level.
Laid according to contour of the ground at depth
more than 75 cm.

2. Communication pipe or secondary pipelines:

Pipeline from mains to the house.
Under control of municipality.
Has separate stopcock in place of connection with
mains.

3. Service mains or consumer pipelines :

Internal pipes inside house.
Connected to communication by stopcock.
Separate stopcocks and valves for each service
mains.
Proper provision of cleaning and repair.

Hot water supply system:

The supply of hot water to domestic sanitary
fitting usually taken in form of glass fired, oil fired
or solid fuel boiler.
Alternatives; back boiler to an open fire or an
electric immersion heater fixed into the hot water
storage tank.
Hot water withdrawn immediately replaced by
cold water.
Generally, copper or steel pipes are used.

Hot water system

Direct and Indirect hot water system
Central system and local system

Direct hot water system :

Simplest and cheap.

Principle of convection ; cold water rise and
circulate replacing of hot water.
Not suitable for supplying a central heating
circuit for hard water areas because the pipes and
cylinders will be furred with lime deposits.
Lime precipitation occurs between 50 70 C i.e.
ideal temperature range for domestic water
supply.

Indirect hot water system :

Designed to overcome furring in pipes and
cylinder, which occurs with the direct hot water
system.
Made such that cold water is not constantly
permitted into it so reduces the formation of lime
due to heat.

Drainage of sewage and

waste
Method of carrying refuse :
1.Conservancy system
2.Water carriage system
. Separate (for sewer and storm )
. Combined
. Partially combined
.Drainage types :
1.Public drainage
2.Private drainage

Principles of House drainage:

Adequate size.
By the side of house.
Ensure appropriate level to drain-out from lowest level.
Provide proper gradient for self cleaning velocity.
Non absorbent type foundation.
Provide straight line with successive inspection chambers.
Proper ventilated entry system.
Provision of house drain with inspecting trap to connect to public sewer ( ensure prevention
of entry of unwanted gases)
Gutters and Rainwater pipes :
Water drain from roof through pipes and gutters.
Drainage of rainwater from roof and premises.
Water drain from ground to the sewer line by the road sides.
Pipe and gutter size depends on roof area and intensity of rain.

Fig. Typical house drainage system

Septic Tank
A key component of the septic system, a small-scale sewage treatment
system common in areas that lack connection to main sewage pipes
provided by local governments or private corporations.
A chamber constructed in masonry or RCC to house the refuse of human
beings.
Serves two purposes :
I ) deposition of settling solids in sewage by sedimentation
ii ) partial or complete digestion of sludge prior the disposal
Usually built underground.
Produce septic action by anaerobic bacteria , wherein proteins ,
carbohydrates , cellulose and fatty matter present in sewage are broken to
simpler compounds.
In course of action the lighter materials( grease, fat etc) rise to surface
forming thick floating layer called scum and heavier matter sinking to
bottom sludge.
Tank made air tight , water tight and dark for flourishing anaerobic action.

Design of septic tank :

Size depend on no. of users and amount of dilution water.

Average retention period ( for septic action to take place) of sewage
taken as 12 24 hrs.
Minimum width 75 cm and minimum depth 100 cm ( IS code 2470).
Minimum liquid capacity 1 cubic meter.
Length of tanks should be 2 to 4 times the width.

Constructed so as to prevent direct current between inlet and outlet .

A baffle wall with openings at some distance away from the outlet.
Outlet pipe about 15 cm lower than inlet pipe .
Sludge deposited in bottom is cleaned periodically about 6 to 12
months.
A vent pipe for escape of gases.

Soak pit(seepage pit)

o A covered pit dug in the ground, in which effluent from the septic tank is
discharged.
o Dug in pervious soil that absorbs effluent.
o Two forms of soak pit : Lined & unlined.
o Lined used when inner volume is kept empty.
o Linings of bricks , stone or concrete blocks, dry open joints with least of 7.5
cm backing of coarse aggregate.
o Lining not required if inner volume has stone and brick aggregates.
Sludge soak pit :
One in which the sewage effluent from the house drain is directly discharged.
Water in sewage soaked by adjoining pervious layer and sludge digested in
the pit.
Lined with masonry with open joints, top covered with rigid slab.
Diameter 2m to 3m , depth 2.5 to 4 m.
Individual house has a soak pit having the life of about 20 yrs for a family of 6
persons.
When filled, top cover removed and tank is emptied.

Fig. Soak Pit

Electrification
Electrificationis the process of
powering by electricity and is usually
associated with changing over from
another power source.

CCTV
Closed-circuit television(CCTV),
also known asvideo surveillance, is
the use ofvideo camerasto transmit a
signal to a specific place, on a limited
set of monitors.

Telephone Network
A telephone network is a telecommunications network used for
telephone calls between two or more parties.
There are a number of different types of telephone network:
A landline network where the telephones must be directly
wired into a single telephone exchange. This is known as the
public switched telephone network or PSTN.
A wireless network where the telephones are mobile and can
move around anywhere within the coverage area.
A private network where a closed group of telephones are
connected primarily to each other and use a gateway to reach
the outside world. This is usually used inside companies and
call centres and is called a private branch exchange (PBX).

Fire Protection
Fire resisting propertie of material
Fire detection
Fire extinguishing system

Fire protection requirement for

multistoried buildings
Fire escape or external stairs
Fire detection and extinguishing
system

Fire detection system

(fire alarm system)
Manual fire alarm system
This consists of a hand bell of similar
sounding device emitting distinctive sound
of struck. Such devices are installed near all
the main exists and passages.

Automatic alarm system

This type of system, on detection of fire,
starts sounding alarms of information to the
nearest control point. The system also
performs the function of sounding of
evacuation gongs, hooters or siren and to

Fire extinguishing system

Manual fire-extinguishing
equipment
Portable fire extinguisher is the
equipment most commonly
adopted in this category. Portable
fire extinguisher can be of carbon
dioxide type, large foam
generation type. Depending upon
the capacity the discharge from a
fire extinguisher may last from 20
to 120 swconds. Sometimes bucket
full of water and dry sand are also
installed at convient places for
taking care of minor fires.

 Fire hydrants
This consists in providing a
150 mm diameter ring
main outside in the ground
around the periphery of the
building.
Fire hydrants are provided
on the ring main.
The ring main is fed from
an underground water tank
and it is ensured that the
water pressure available at
each fire hydrant is of order
of 3.5kg per cm square.

 Wet riser system

This consists in providing
100 to 150 mm dia vertical
G.I pipes at suitable location
within the building.
The pipes are also known as
riser and are fid from an
underground water storage
tank through a fire pump
which ensures supply of
water at 3 kg per cm square
at the topmost outlet.
The wet risers have suitable
connections at each floor
from where constant supply
of water can be drawn in
the event of fire.

 Sprinkler system
In this system a network of water supply
pipes (20 dia) are fixed to the ceiling of
the floor or roof slab.
The center to center spacing of the pipe is
normally 3m.
The pipes receive supply of water through
header pipes normally 40mm dia.
Which in turn are conneted and fed from
water sotrage tank. An installation known
as sprinkler head to fitted to the pipes in
ceiling at regular intervals normally at 3m
c/c.
Each sprinkler head is provided with as
fusible plug. In the event of fire the fusible
plug in the sprinkler nearest to fire, melts
by virtue of rise in temperature and water
gushes out of the sprinkler head. The
water spray falls and helps in
extingushing of the fire.

Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and
deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather
than allowing it to run off.
Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs,
and in many places the water collected is
redirected to a deep pit or reservoir with
percolation, or collected from dew or fog with
nets or other tools. Its uses include water for
gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with
proper treatment, and indoor heating for houses
etc.
The harvested water can also be used as drinking
water, longer-term storage and for other
purposes such as groundwater recharge

Each rainwater harvesting consists of

three basic components:
1. Catchment or roof surface to collect
water.
2. Delivery system to transport the
water from roof to storage reservoir.
3. Storage reservoir to store water
until it is used.

Methods of rainwater
harvesting

Rain barrels

This method is the most common and one that

many people are familiar with. This involves
installing a barrel at a gutter downspout to
collect rainwater. The actual barrel may be a
recycled barrel or a new commercially available
rain barrel.
Pros:
Easily implemented by anyone at any residence
Barrels are readily available in your community
or at various stores & websites
Barrels don't take up much space so they can fit
into any situation
Cons:
Capacity is generally only 50 to 100 gallons
Easily overflow and wastes collection
opportunities

 Dry system
This method is a variation of a
rain barrel set-up, but it involves
a larger storage volume.
Essentially, the collection pipe
"drys" after each rain event since
it empties directly into the top of
the tank.
Pros:
Can store a large amount of
rainwater
Great for climates where rainfall
happens with infrequent, larger
storm events
Can be inexpensive to
implement
Less complicated system so
maintenance is easier
Cons:
The storage tank must be located

 Wet system
This method involves locating the collection
pipes underground in order to connect
multiple downspouts from different gutters.
The rainwater will fill the underground piping
and the water will rise in the vertical pipes
until it spills into the tank. The downspouts
and underground collection piping must have
water-tight connections. The elevation of the
tank inlet must be below the lowest gutter
on the house.
Pros:
The ability to collect from your entire
collection surface
The ability to collect from multiple gutters
and downspouts
The tank can be located away from your
house
Cons:
More expensive to implement due to
underground piping
Sufficient difference between gutters and
tank inlet must be available

 Rain saucer
Instead of using the roof for
catchment, the RainSaucer, which
looks like an upside down umbrella,
collects rain straight from the sky. This
decreases the potential for
contamination and makes potable
water for developing countries a
potential application. Other
applications of this free standing
rainwater collection approach are
sustainable gardening and small plot
farming

Designing a rainwater harvesting

system
Size to volume ratio must be maintained
Five stems are followed in designing
1. Determine the total amount of required
and available rainwater
2. Design your catchment area
3. Desgn your delivery system
4. Determine the necessary size of your
storage reservoir
5. Select suitable design of storage reservoir

Collectio
n Surface

Collection
Cistern

Collectio
n Gutters

Overflow
Port

Gutter
Protectio
n

Auto-fill

Rain
Head
Inlet
Filter

Pump

Firstflush
Diverter

Water
Filter

Inlet
Screen

Water
Level
Indicator