Chapter 8

Chapter 8
Two-Dimensional Problem
Solution
Using Airy Stress Function approach, plane elasticity formulation with zero
body forces reduces to a single governing biharmonic equation.
In Cartesian coordinates it is given by
4
4
4
2 2 2 4 4 0
4
x
x y
y
and the stresses are related to the stress function by
2
2
2
x 2 , y 2 , xy
y
x
xy
We now explore solutions to several specific problems in both
Cartesian and Polar coordinate systems
Elasticity
Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
Cartesian Coordinate
Solutions
Usingwe Polynomials
In Cartesian coordinates
choose Airy stress function solution of
polynomial form
( x, y )
mn x
y n , Amn Constants to be Determined
m 0 n 0
Method produces polynomial stress distributions, and thus would not

satisfy general boundary conditions. However, using Saint-Venants
principle we can replace a non-polynomial condition with a statically
equivalent polynomial loading. This formulation is most useful for
problems with rectangular domains, and is commonly based on
inverse solution concept where we assume a polynomial solution
form and then try to find what problem it will solve.
Notice that the three lowest order terms with m + n 1 do not
contribute to the stresses and will therefore be dropped. Second
order terms will produce a constant stress field, third-order terms will
give a linear distribution of stress, and so on for higher-order
polynomials.
Terms with m + n 3 will automatically satisfy biharmonic equation
for any
choice
of constants
Amn. However, for higher order terms,
Elasticity
Theory,
Applications
and Numerics
M.H.constants
Sadd , University
Rhodehave
Island to be related in order to have polynomial
A of will
Example 8.1 Uniaxial Tension

of a Beam
Stress
Field (l , y ) T , ( x,c) 0
x
y
Boundary Conditions:
xy (l , y ) xy ( x,c) 0
Since the boundary conditions specify

constant stresses on all boundaries,
try a second-order stress function of
the
2A , 0
form
A y2
02
02
xy
Displacement Field (Plane Stress)

u
1
T
e x ( x y )
x
E
E
v
1
T
e y ( y x )
y
E
E
T
T
x f ( y ) , v y g ( x )
E
E
xy
u v
2e xy
0 f ( y ) g ( x ) 0
y x
f ( y ) o y uo
The first boundary condition implies that

A02 = T/2, and all other boundary
g ( x ) o x vo . . . Rigid-Body Motion
conditions are identically satisfied.
Therefore the stress field solution is
Fixity conditions needed to determine
given by x T , y xy 0
RBM
u (0,0terms
) v(0,0) z (0,0) 0 f ( y ) g ( x) 0
Elasticity

Example 8.2 Pure Bending of

a Beam
Stress
Field
y ( x, c ) 0 , xy ( x, c ) xy ( l , y ) 0
c
c
x ( l , y )dy 0 ,
c
c
x ( l , y ) ydy M
Expecting a linear bending stress

distribution, try second-order stress
function
3 the form
6A y , 0
A yof
03
03
xy
Moment boundary condition implies that

A03 = -M/4c3, and all other boundary
conditions are identically satisfied. Thus
the stress field
3Mis
x 3 y , y xy 0
2c
Elasticity

u
3M
3M
yu
xy f ( y )
3
x
2 Ec
2 Ec 3
v
3M
3M 2
yv
y g( x)
3
y
2 Ec
4 Ec 3
u v
3M
0
x f ( y ) g ( x ) 0
y x
2 Ec 3
f ( y ) o y uo
3M 2
x o x vo
4 Ec 3
Fixity conditions to determine RBM
terms:
v ( l ,0) 0 and u( l ,0) 0
g ( x)
uo o 0 , vo 3Ml 2 / 16 Ec 3
Example 8.2 Pure Bending of

a Beam
Solution Comparison of Elasticity
with Elementary Mechanics of
Materials
I 2c 3 / 3
Elasticity
Solution
M
x
u
Elasticity
y , y xy 0
Mxy
M
,v
[ 4 y 2 4 x 2 l 2 ]
EI
8EI
Mechanics of Materials
Solution
Uses Euler-Bernoulli beam
theory to find bending stress
M
and
beam
xdeflection
y , ofy
xy 0
centerlineI
M
v v ( x,0)
[4 x 2 l 2 ]
8EI
Two solutions are identical, with the exception of

the x-displacements

Example 8.3 Bending of a Beam

by Uniform Transverse Loading
Stress
A
A20 x 2 A21 x 2 y A03 y 3 A23 x 2 y 3 23 y 5
Boundary Conditions: Field
5
xy ( x, c ) 0
2 3
y )
3
y 2 A20 2 A21 y 2 A23 y 3
x 6 A03 y 6 A23 ( x 2 y
y ( x, c ) 0
y ( x, c ) w
Elasticity
c
c
c
c
c
c
xy 2 A21 x 6 A23 xy 2
x ( l , y )dy 0
x ( l , y ) ydy 0
xy ( l , y )dy wl

BC
s
3w l 2 2
3w
2
2 y 3 ( x 2 y y 3 )
x
4c c
5
4c
3
w 3w
w
y
y 3 y3
2 4c
4c
3w
3w
xy
x 3 xy 2
4c
4c
Example 8.3 Beam Problem

Stress Solution Comparison of
Elasticity
Materials
Elasticity
Solution
w 2
w y3
2
c2 y
x
(l x ) y (
)
2I
I 3
5
w y3
2
y
c 2 y c 3
2I 3
3
w
xy
x(c 2 y 2 )
2I
Elasticity
Mechanics of Materials
Solution
My w
x
2I
(l 2 x 2 ) y
y 0
xy
VQ
w
x(c 2 y 2 )
It
2I
Shear stresses are identical, while normal

stresses are not


Normal Stress Comparisons of
Elasticity
Materials
x Stress
at x=0
Maximum differences between two theories

exist at top and bottom of beam, difference in
stress is w/5. For most beam problems (l >>
c), bending stresses will be much greater than
w, and differences between elasticity and
strength of materials will be relatively small.
Elasticity

y Stress
Maximum difference between two theories is

w and occurs at top of beam. Again this
difference will be negligibly small for most
beam problems where l >> c. These results
are generally true for beam problems with
other transverse loadings.

Normal Stress Distribution on Beam Ends
w y 3 c 2 y 3w 1 y 3 1 y

x (l , y )
I 3
5
2 3 c 3 5 c
End stress distribution

does not vanish and is
nonlinear but gives zero
resultant force.
Elasticity

x (l , y ) / w

w
x3
2 y 3 2c 2 y
y3
2c 3
2
2
u
[( l x ) y x (
) x ( c y
)] f ( y )
2 EI
3
3
5
3
3
2
w
y 4 c 2 y 2 2c 3 y
y4 c2 y2
2
2 y
v
[(
) ( l x )
(
)] g ( x )
2 EI 12
2
3
2
6
5
w 4
w 2 8
f ( y ) o y uo , g ( x)
x
[l ( )c 2 ] x 2 o x vo
24 EI
4 EI
5
u (0, y ) v ( l , y ) 0
Choosing Fixity Conditions
w
x3
2 y 3 2c 2 y
y3
2c 3
2
2
u
[( l x ) y x(
) x ( c y
)]
2 EI
3
3
5
3
3
2
w y 4 c 2 y 2 2c 3 y
y4 c2 y 2
2
2 y
[( l x )
]
2 EI 12
2
3
2
6
5
Elasticity
x4
l2
4
5wl 4
12 4 c 2
[ ( )c 2 ]x 2
[1 ( ) 2 ]
12
2
5 2
5 5 2 l
24 EI

uo o 0 , vo
5wl 4
12 4 c 2
[1 ( ) 2 ]
24 EI
5 5 2 l
5wl 4
12 4 c 2
v (0,0) v max
[1 ( ) 2 ]
24 EI
5 5 2 l
5wl 4
v max
Strength of Materials:
24 EI
Good match for beams where

l >> c
Cartesian Coordinate Solutions

Using Fourier Methods
Fourier methods provides a more general solution scheme
for biharmonic equation. Such techniques generally use
separation of variables along with Fourier series or Fourier
4
4
4
integrals.
2
0
( x, y ) X ( x )Y ( y )
x 4
x 2 y 2
y 4
i
Choosin X e x , Y e y
g sin x[( A C y ) sinh y ( B Dy ) cosh y ]
cos x[( A C y ) sinh y ( B D y ) cosh y ]

sin y[( E Gx ) sinh x ( F Hx ) cosh x ]
cos y[( E G x ) sinh x ( F H x ) cosh x ]
0 0
0 C0 C1 x C 2 x 2 C3 x 3
0 C 4 y C5 y 2 C6 y 3 C7 xy C8 x 2 y C9 xy 2
Elasticity

Example 8.4 Beam with

Sinusoidal Loading
Stress
Field
x (0, y ) x (l , y ) 0
sin x[( A C y ) sinh y ( B D y ) cosh y ]
xy ( x, c ) 0
x sin x[( A sinh y C (y sinh y 2 cosh y )
y ( x , c ) 0
y ( x, c ) qo sin( x / l )
xy (0, y )dy qo l /
xy (l , y )dy qo l /
B cosh y D (y cosh y 2 sinh y )]

y 2 sin x[( A Cy ) sinh y ( B Dy ) cosh y ]
xy cos x[( A cosh y C (y cosh y 2 sinh y )
2
B sinh y D(y sinh y 2 cosh y )]
A D ( c tanh c 1)
B C (c coth c 1)
c
l
C
2 c
c
c
2 2
sinh
cosh
l l
l
l
qo sinh
c
l
D
2
c
c
c
2 2
sinh
cosh
l l
l
l
qo sinh
Elasticity

Example 8.4 Beam

Problem
Bending
x 2 sin x[( A sinh y C (Stress
y sinh y 2 cosh y )
B cosh y D( y cosh y 2 sinh y )]
c
c
qo cosh
l
l
C
, D
2
2
c
c
c
c
c
c
2 2
sinh cosh
2 2
sinh cosh
l l
l
l
l l
l
l
A D( c tanh c 1) , B C ( c coth c 1) ,
l
y
y
c
y
y cosh
2l sinh
c tanh
l sinh
q
c
x
l
l
l
l
x o sinh sin
c
c
2
l
l
c l sinh cosh
l
l
qo sinh
y sinh
y
y
c
y
2l cosh
c coth
l cosh
l
l
l
l
c
c
c l sinh cosh
l
l
3qo l 5
, C 0 , A D , B 0
4c 3 5
3q l 3 y
3q l 2
y
y
x
x
x 3o 3
cosh
sinh sin
3o 2 y sin
l
l
l
l
l
4c
2c
For the case l c : D
qo l 2
x
sin
y
2
3q l 2
My
x
Strength of Materials Theory : x
3 l
3o 2 y sin
I
l
2c / 3
2c
Elasticity

x l/2
Example 8.4 Beam

Problem
cos x{ A(1 ) sinh y B(1 ) cosh y

E
C[(1 )y sinh y 2 cosh y ]
D[(1 )y cosh y 2 sinh y ]} o y uo

u (0,0) v (0,0) v (l ,0) 0
sin x{ A(1 ) cosh y B(1 ) sinh y

E
C[(1 )y cosh y (1 ) sinh y ]
D[(1 )y sinh y (1 ) cosh y ]} o y vo
o vo 0 , u o
[ B (1 ) 2C ]
E
D
sin x[2 (1 ) c tanh c ]
E
3qo l 4
x
1 c
c
3qo l 5
For the case l
v ( x,0) 3 4 sin
[1
tanh
]
D 3 5
>> c
2c E
l
2 l
l
4c
3qo l 4
x
Strength of Materialsv ( x,0) 3 4 sin
2c E
l
v ( x,0)
Elasticity

Example 8.5 Rectangular

Domain with Arbitrary
Boundary Loading
Must use series representation for
Airy stress function to handle general
boundary
loading.
cos n x[ Bn cosh n y C n n y sinh n y ]

n 1
cos m y[ Fm cosh m x Gm m x sinh m x ] C0 x 2

m 1
x 2n cos n x[ Bn cosh n y C n ( n y sinh n y 2 cosh n y )]

n 1
2m cos m y[ Fm cosh m x Gm m x sinh m x]

m 1
y cos n x[ Bn cosh n y C n n y sinh n y ] 2C 0

n 1
2
n
Boundary Conditions
x ( a, y ) 0 , xy ( a, y ) 0
xy ( x,b) 0 , y ( x,b) p ( x)
2m cos m y[ Fm cosh m x Gm ( m x sinh m x 2 cosh m x)]

m 1
xy 2n sin n x[ Bn sinh n y C n ( n y cosh n y sinh n y )]

n 1
2m sin m y[ Fm sinh m x G m ( m x cosh m x sinh m x)]

m 1
Elasticity

Using Fourier series theory to

handle general boundary
conditions, generates a doubly
infinite set of equations to solve for
unknown constants in stress
function form. See text for details
Polar Coordinate
Formulation
Airy Stress Function
Approach = (r,)
Airy Representation
1 1 2
r
r r r 2 2
2
2
r
1
r
r r
Biharmonic Governing Equation

2 1
1 2 2 1
1 2

2 2
2 2 0
2
2
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
Traction Boundary Conditions
Tr f r ( r, ) , T f ( r, )
Elasticity

Polar Coordinate
Formulation
Plane Elasticity
Strain-Displacement
Problem
u
er
r
u
1
e u r
r

1 1 u r u u
er

2 r
r
r
Hookes Law
PlaneStress
PlaneStrain
r (er e ) 2er
(er e ) 2e
z (er e ) ( r )
r 2er , z rz 0
Elasticity

1
1
( r ) , e ( r )
E
E
e z ( r )
(er e )
E
1
1
er
r , ez erz 0
E
er
General Solutions in Polar Coordinates

Michell Solution
( r , ) f ( r )e
2 1
1 2 2 1
1 2

2 2
2 2 0
2
2
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
2
1 2b 2
1 2b 2
b 2 (4 b 2 )
f f
f
f
f 0
r
r2
r3
r4
Choosing the case where b = in, n = integer gives the general Michell solution
a 0 a1 log r a 2 r 2 a 3 r 2 log r
( a 4 a5 log r a6 r 2 a7 r 2 log r )
a13
a14 r 3 a15r a16 r log r ) cos
r
b
(b11r b12 r log r 13 b14 r 3 b15 r b16 r log r ) sin
r
( a11r a12 r log r
( a n1r n a n 2 r 2 n a n 3 r n a n 4 r 2n ) cos n
n 2
(bn1r n bn 2 r 2n bn 3 r n bn 4 r 2n ) sin n
n 2
Elasticity

Will use various

terms from this
general solution to
solve several
plane problems in
polar coordinates
Axisymmetric Solutions
Stress Function
Approach: =(r)
a0 a1 log r a 2 r 2 a 3 r 2 log r
a1
a 3 2a 2
r2
a
2a3 log r 21 3a3 2a 2
r
r 0
r 2a3 log r
Displacements - Plane Stress

1 (1 ) Case
ur
Navier Equation Approach:

u=ur(r)er
(Plane
Plane
Strain)
d 2 uStress
1 duor
1
r
r
ur 0
r dr r 2
dr 2
1
ur C1r C 2
r
Gives Stress Forms
A
A
r 2 B , 2 B , r 0
r
r
a1 2(1 )a3r log r (1 )a3r 2a2 (1 )r

E
r
A sin B cos
Underlined terms
represent
rigid-body motion
a3 term leads to multivalued behavior, and is not found
following the displacement formulation approach
Could also have an axisymmetric elasticity problem
using = a4 which gives r = = 0 and r = a4/r 0,
see Exercise 8-15
4r
u
a3 A cos B sin Cr
E
Elasticity

Example 8.6 Thick-Walled Cylinder

Under Uniform Boundary Pressure
General Axisymmetric
Boundary Conditions
Stress Solution
(r ) p , (r ) p
A
r 2 B
r
A
2 B
r
r12 r22 ( p2 p1 )
A
r22 r12
r12 p1 r22 p2
B
r22 r12
r12 r22 ( p2 p1 ) 1 r12 p1 r22 p2

r
r22 r12
r2
r22 r12
r12 r22 ( p2 p1 ) 1 r12 p1 r22 p2

r22 r12
r2
r22 r12
Using Strain
Displacement Relations
and Hookes Law for
plane strain gives the
radial displacement
Elasticity

1
A
r[(1 2 ) B 2 ]
E
r
r12 p1 r22 p2
1 r12 r22 ( p2 p1 ) 1
(1 2 )
E
r22 r12
r
r22 r12
ur
Example 8.6 Cylinder Problem Results

Internal Pressure Only
r1/r2 =
Dimensionless Stress
0.5
/p
r /p
r/r
2
Dimensionless Distance,
r/r2
( ) max ( r12 r22 ) /( r22 r12 ) p (5 / 3) p
Thin-Walled Tube Case:

t r2 r1 1 ro ( r1 r2 ) / 2
Elasticity

pro Matches with Strength

t of Materials Theory
Special Cases of Example 8-6
Stress Free Hole in an

ressurized Hole in an Infinite Medium
Infinite Medium Under Equal
p 2 0 and r2
p1 Loading
0 , p2 T at
, r2
Biaxial
Infinity
r12
r12
r p1 2 , p1 2 , z 0
r
r
1 p1r12
ur
E
r
r12
r12
r T 1 2 , T 1 2
r
r
max ( ) max (r1 ) 2T
Elasticity

Example 8.7 Infinite Medium

with a Stress Free Hole Under
Uniform Far Field
Loading
Boundary Conditions
r (a, ) r ( a, ) 0
T
(1 cos 2)
2
T
(, ) (1 cos 2)
2
T
r (, ) sin 2
2
r (, )
Try Stress Function
a0 a1 log r a 2 r 2 a3 r 2 log r
(a 21r 2 a 22 r 4 a 23 r 2 a 24 ) cos 2
a
6a
4a
r a3 (1 2 log r ) 2a 2 12 (2a 21 423 224 ) cos 2
r
r
r
6a
a
a3 (3 2 log r ) 2a 2 12 (2a 21 12a 22 r 4 423 ) cos 2
r
r
6a
2a
r (2a 21 6a 22 r 2 423 224 ) sin 2
r
r
Elasticity

T
a2 T
3a 4 4a 2
r 1 2 1 4 2 cos 2
2
r 2
r
r
T
a2 T
3a 4
1 2 1 4 cos 2
2
r 2
r
T
3a 4 2a 2
r 1 4 2 sin 2
2
r
r
Example 8.7 Stress

Results
T
a2 T
3a 4 4a 2
r 1 2 1 4 2 cos 2
2
r 2
r
r
T
a2 T
3a 4
1 2 1 4 cos 2
2
r 2
r
T
3a 4 2a 2
r 1 4 2 sin 2
2
r
r
(a, ) T (1 2 cos 2)
(a,0) T , (a,30o ) 0
Elasticity

max (a, / 2) 3T
Superposition of Example 8.7

Biaxial Loading Cases
T2
T1
T1
T2
Equal Biaxial
Tension Case
2
T1 r1=
T2 = T
r12
r T 1 2 , T 1 2
r
r
max ( ) max (r1 ) 2T
Tension/Compressio
n Case
T1 = 3Ta 4 , T4a2 2=
-T
r T 1 4 2 cos 2
r
r
3a 4
T 1 4 cos 2
r
3a 4 2a 2
r T 1 4 2 sin 2
r
r
(a,0) (a, ) 4T , (a, / 2) (a,3 / 2) 4T
Elasticity

Review Stress
Concentration Factors
Around Stress Free Holes
K=2
K=3
=
K=4
Elasticity

Stress Concentration Around

Stress Free Elliptical Hole Chapter 10
Maximum Stress Field
max
Elasticity

S 1 2
a
Stress Concentration Around

Stress Free Hole in Orthotropic
Material Chapter 11
Elasticity

2-D Thermoelastic Stress Concentration

Problem Uniform Heat Flow Around
Stress Free Insulated Hole Chapter 12
Stress Field
1 Eqa a a 3
sin
r
2 k r r 3
1 Eqa a a 3
sin

2 k r r 3
1 Eqa a a 3
cos
r
2 k r r 3
Eqa
max (a, )
sin
k
max (a, / 2) Eqa / k
of
/hole
2
Maximum compressive stress on hot side
side
/ 2
Maximum tensile stress on cold
Steel Plate: E = 30Mpsi (200GPa) and = 6.5in/in/oF

(11.7m/m/oC),
qa/k = 100oF (37.7oC), the maximum stress becomes
Elasticity19.5ksi
Theory, Applications
and Numerics
(88.2MPa)
Nonhomogeneous Stress Concentration

Around Stress Free Hole in a Plane
Under Uniform Biaxial Loading with
Radial Gradation of Youngs Modulus
Chapter 14
Elasticity

Three Dimensional Stress Concentration

Problem Chapter 13
Normal Stress on the x,y-plane (z = 0)
z ( r ,0) S
4 5 a 3
9
a5
3
5
2(7 5) r
2(7 5 ) r
z (a,0) ( z ) max
3.5
3
Normalized
Stress in Loading Direction
2.5
Two Dimensional Case: (r,/2)/S
2
1.5
1
0.5
Three Dimensional Case: z(r,0)/S , =
0.3
0
1
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Dimensionless Distance, r/a
Elasticity

27 15
S
2(7 5)
0 .3
( z ) max
2.04
S
Wedge Domain
Problems
Use general stress function solution
to include terms that are bounded at
origin and give uniform stresses on
the boundaries
r 2 (a a a cos 2 b sin 2)
2
21
21
r 2a 2 2a 6 2a 21 cos 2 2b21 sin 2

2a 2 2a 6 2a 21 cos 2 2b21 sin 2
r a 6 2b21 cos 2 2a 21 sin 2
Quarter Plane Example ( = 0 and = /2)

S
( 2 cos 2 sin 2)
2 2
2
S
( 2 cos 2 sin 2)
2 2
2
S
r (1 cos 2 sin 2)
2
2
r
(r , / 2) 0
r (r , / 2) S
(r ,0) r ( r ,0) 0
Elasticity

Half-Space Examples
Uniform Normal Stress Over x 0

Boundary Conditions
(r ,0) r (r ,0) 0
r (r , ) 0 , (r , ) T
Try Airy Stress Function

a6 r 2 b21r 2 sin 2
2a 6 2b21 sin 2
r a 6 2b21 cos 2
Use BCs To Determine Stress Solution

T
(sin 2 2)
2
T

(sin 2 2)
2
T
r
(1 cos 2)
2
r
Elasticity

Half-Space Under
Concentrated Surface Force
System (Flamant Problem)
Boundary Conditions
(r ,0) r (r ,0) 0
r (r , ) 0 , (r , ) 0
Forces Xe
Ye 2
Try Airy Stress Function

(a12 r log r a15 r) cos
(b12 r log r b15 r) sin
Use BCs To Determine Stress Solution

2
[ X cos Y sin ]
r
r 0
r
Elasticity

Flamant Solution Stress

Results
2Yx y
Normal Force
Case

cos
2
2Y
r
sin or in Cartesian
r
components
r 0
( x 2 y 2 ) 2
2Yy 3
y r sin
( x 2 y 2 ) 2
2
xy
2Yxy 2
r sin cos
( x 2 y 2 ) 2
y=a
y 2Y / a
Elasticity

Flamant Solution Displacement

Results
Normal Force Case
u r 1
2Y
( r )
sin
r E
Er
u 1 u 1
2 Y
e r
( r )
sin
r r E
Er
1 u r u u 1
2er
r 0
r r
r
er
On Free Surface y
=0
Y
u r ( r ,0) ur ( r, )
(1 )
2E
Y
u ( r,0) u ( r , )
[(1 ) 2 log r ]
E
Elasticity

[(1 )( ) cos 2 log r sin ]

E
2
Y
u
[ (1 )( ) sin 2 log r cos (1 ) cos ]
E
2
ur
Note unpleasant feature of 2-D

model that displacements become
unbounded as r
Comparison of Flamant Results with

3-D Theory - Boussinesqs Problem
u
2R
Corresponding 2-D
P
Results
u (r ,0)
[(1 ) 2 log r ]
E
3-D Solution eliminates

the unbounded far-field
behavior
Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics
P
z2
2
(
1
Rz
4R R 2 R z
4R
R 2
z
P 3x 2 z
R
x 2 (2 R z )
x
(1 2)
2
R
R
z
2R 2 R 3
R
(
R
z
)

z
P 3y 2 z
R
y 2 (2 R z )
(
1
R R z R ( R z ) 2
2R 2 R 3

3
3Pz
P 3xyz (1 2)( 2 R z ) xy
z
, xy
5
2R
2R 2 R 3
R( R z ) 2
Px z
4R R 2
Free Surface
P (1 )
Displacements
u z ( R,0)
Cartesian
1 2 Solution
Py z 1 2
,v
yz
, w
3Pyz 2
3Pxz 2
, xz
2R 5
2R 5
Cylindrical
Solution
rz (1 2)r
P
ur
4R R 2
R z
P
z2
uz
2(1 ) 2
4R
R
u 0
3r 2 z (1 2 ) R
3
Rz
R
(1 2) P z
R

2R
R R z
P
r
2R 2
3P rz 2
3Pz 3
z
, rz
2R 5
2R 5
Half-Space Under Uniform

Normal Loading Over a x a
2Y
sin cos 2
r
2Y
y r sin 2
sin 3
r
2Y
xy r sin cos
sin 2 cos
r
x r cos 2
2p
cos 2 d
dY = pdx = prd /sin

2p
d y
sin 2 d
2p
d xy
sin cos d
d x
2 p 2
p
2
cos
[2( 2 1 ) (sin 2 2 sin 21 )]

1
2
2 p 2 2
p
y
sin d [2( 2 1 ) (sin 2 2 sin 21 )]
1
2
2p 2
p
xy
sin cos d
[cos 22 cos 21 ]
1
2
x
Elasticity

Half-Space Under Uniform

Normal Loading - Results
max Contours
Elasticity

Generalized Superposition Method

Half-Space Loading Problems
2y
x
2 y3
2y2
xy
Elasticity
p( s )( x s ) 2
2
ds
2
2
2
a [( x s ) y ]
t ( s)( x s ) 3
ds
a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
p( s)
2y2
ds
a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
p( s )( x s )
2y
s
2
2
2
a [( x s ) y ]

t ( s )( x s)
ds
a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
t ( s )( x s) 2
ds
a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
Photoelastic Contact Stress Fields
Elasticity

Notch/Crack Problem
r [ A sin B cos C sin( 2) D cos( 2)]

Try Stress Function:
( 1)r 2 [ A sin B cos C sin( 2) D cos( 2)]

r ( 1)r 2 [ A cos B sin C ( 2) cos( 2) D ( 2) sin( 2)]
Boundary Conditions: (r ,0) r (r ,0) (r ,2) r (r ,2) 0
n
sin 2( 1) 0 1 , n 0,1, 2,
2
nt O (r 1 )
At Crack Tip r Stress O(r 2 ) , Displaceme
0:
Finite Displacements and Singular Stresses at Crack Tip 1< <2 = 3/2
Elasticity

Notch/Crack Problem Results

3 1
3
3
5

A
(sin
5
sin
)
B
(cos
cos
)
4 r
2
2
2
3
2
3 1
3
3

A
(sin
3
sin
)
B
(cos
cos
)
4 r
2
2
2
2
3 1
3
3
1

r
A(cos cos ) B (sin sin )
4 r
2
2
2
3
2
r
3
2
3

2
3
r
2
r
Transform to
Variable
Elasticity
cos (3 cos )
sin (1 3 cos )
2
2
r
2 r
A
3B
cos (1 cos )
sin (1 cos )
2
2
r
2 r
A
sin (1 cos )
cos (1 3 cos )
2
2
r
2 r
Note special singular behavior of stress field O(1/r)

A and B coefficients are related to stress intensity factors and are
useful in fracture mechanics theory
A terms give symmetric stress fields Opening or Mode I behavior
B terms give antisymmetric stress fields Shearing or Mode II
behavior

Crack Problem Results

Contours of Maximum Shear Stress
Mode I (Maximum shear stress

contours)
Elasticity
Mode II (Maximum shear

stress contours)
Experimental Photoelastic
Isochromatics
Courtesy of URI Dynamic
Photomechanics Laboratory

Mode III Crack Problem Exercise 841

z Contours for Mode III Crack Problem
Anti-Plane Strain Case

u v 0 , w w( x, y )
2 w 1 w 1 2 w
w 2
2
0
2
r r r
r
2
w A r sin , z
cos , zr
sin
2
2
2
2 r
2 r
O r
Stresses Again
Elasticity
1 / 2

z - Stress Contours
Curved Beam Under End

Moments
r (a ) r (b) 0
r (a ) r (b) 0
b
dr 0
a
rdr M
a
a 0 a1 log r a 2 r 2 a3 r 2 log r
4M a 2b2
b
r
a
r
[ 2 log( ) b 2 log( ) a 2 log( )]
N
r
a
b
r
2 2
4M
a b
b
r
a

[ 2 log( ) b 2 log( ) a 2 log( ) b 2 a 2 ]
N
r
a
b
r
r 0
Elasticity

Curved Cantilever Beam

P
r
a
r ( a, ) r (b, ) 0
r ( a, ) r (b, ) 0
= /2 b/a =
4 Theory of
Elasticity
Strength of
Materials
r ( r ,0)dr P
DimensionlessDistance, r/a
( r,0)dr ( r,0) rdr 0

a
( r, / 2)dr P
( r, / 2) rdr P ( a b) / 2
r ( r , / 2)dr 0
( Ar 3
Elasticity
Dimensionless Stress, a/P
B
Cr Dr log r ) sin
r

P
a b
a b2
) sin
(r 3
N
r
r
P
a 2b2 a 2 b2
(3r 3
) sin
N
r
r
P
a 2b2 a 2 b2
r ( r 3
) cos
N
r
r
r
Disk Under Diametrical

Compression
P
P
Flamant
Solution (1)
Flamant
Solution (2)
Elasticity

Radial Tension
Solution (3)
Disk Problem Superposition

of Stresses
(x1)
2P
cos 1 sin 2 1
r1
(y1)
2P
cos 3 1
r1
(xy1)
2P
cos 2 1 sin 1
r1
(x2)
2P
cos 2 sin 2 2
r2
(y2)
2P
cos 3 2
r2
(xy2 )
2P
cos 2 2 sin 2
r2
(x3) (y3)
2P
, (xy3) 0
D
2P ( R y ) x 2 ( R y ) x 2 1

r14
r24
D
2P ( R y )3 ( R y)3 1
y

r14
r24
D
xy
2P (R y)2 x (R y)2 x

r14
r24
r1, 2 x 2 ( R y ) 2
Elasticity

Disk Problem Results

x-axis (y = 0)
2P D 2 4x 2
x ( x,0)
D D 2 4 x 2
y-axis (x = 0)
2
2P
4D 4
y ( x,0)
1
2
2 2
D ( D 4 x )
xy ( x,0) 0
Elasticity

2P
Constant
D
2P
2
2
1
y (0, y )
D 2 y D 2 y D
x (0, y )
xy (0, y ) 0
Applications to Granular Media

Modeling
Contact Load Transfer Between Idealized Grains
(Courtesy of URI Dynamic

Photomechanics Lab)
Elasticity

Four-Contact
Grain
Contact Between Two Elastic Solids
Generates:
pc
- Contact Area (w)

- Interface Tractions (pc)
- Local Stresses in Each Body
Creates Complicated Nonlinear

Boundary Condition:
Boundary Condition Changing With
Deformation; i.e. w and pc Depend on
Deformation, Load, Elastic Moduli,
Interfacial Friction Characteristics
Elasticity

2-D Elastic Half-Space

Subjected
to a Rigid Indenter
Local stresses and
deformation determined
from Flamant solution
See Section 8.4.9 and
Exercise 8.38
Rigid Indenter
uy
a
1 x
2 a t ( s ) log x s ds a
p
(
s
)
ds
p
(
s
)
ds
1
E -a
x
2 E -a
a
2 a
1 x
a
uy
p( s ) log x s ds
t
(
s
)
ds
t
(
s
)
ds
2
x
E -a
2 E -a
a1 and a2 are rigid body motion constants
Frictionless Case
(t = 0)
Elasticity
ux

du x
1
p ( x)
dx
E
du y
2 a p( s)
ds
dx
E -a x s

Subjected
Frictionless Flat Rigid Indenter
Rigid Indenter
uy
y
Unbounded
Stresses at
Edges of
Indenter
Max Shear
Stress Contours

p( s)
ds 0
xs
-a
p ( x)
Solution
P
a2 x2
1
P sin 1 ( x / a ) , x a
E
1/ 2
x x2

2
uy
log 2 1 u yo , x a
E
a a

ux
2 Py
x 2
2 Py 3
y 2
Elasticity
u y u yo constant
2 Py 2
xy 2
( x s) 2
2 2
a s [( x s ) y ]
ds
a s [( x s ) y ]
( x s)
2 2
2 2
a s [( x s) y ]
ds
ds

Subjected
Frictionless Cylindrical Rigid
Indenter
p( s)
E
u y proportional to x / 2 R
2
-a
xs
Solution
p ( x)
2P
a 2
a2 x2
4 Py
x 2 2
a
4 Py 3
y 2 2
a
4 Py 2
xy 2 2
a
Max Shear
Stress Contours
Elasticity

a2
4 PR
E
a 2 s 2 ( x s) 2
ds
[( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
a2 s2
ds
a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
a
a 2 s 2 ( x s)
ds
a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
ds
2R

Chapter 8

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Chapter 8

and the stresses are related to the stress function by

Theory, Applications and Numerics

y n , Amn Constants to be Determined

Method produces polynomial stress distributions, and thus would not

Example 8.1 Uniaxial Tension

Since the boundary conditions specify

Displacement Field (Plane Stress)

The first boundary condition implies that

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Example 8.2 Pure Bending of

Displacement Field (Plane Stress)

Expecting a linear bending stress

Moment boundary condition implies that

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Example 8.2 Pure Bending of

Two solutions are identical, with the exception of

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Example 8.3 Bending of a Beam

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Example 8.3 Beam Problem

Shear stresses are identical, while normal

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Example 8.3 Beam Problem

Maximum differences between two theories

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Maximum difference between two theories is

Example 8.3 Beam Problem

End stress distribution

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Example 8.3 Beam Problem

Displacement Field (Plane Stress)

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Good match for beams where

Cartesian Coordinate Solutions

cos x[( A C y ) sinh y ( B D y ) cosh y ]

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Example 8.4 Beam with

sin x[( A C y ) sinh y ( B D y ) cosh y ]

x sin x[( A sinh y C (y sinh y 2 cosh y )

B cosh y D (y cosh y 2 sinh y )]

B sinh y D(y sinh y 2 cosh y )]

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Example 8.4 Beam

For the case l c : D

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Example 8.4 Beam

Displacement Field (Plane Stress)

cos x{ A(1 ) sinh y B(1 ) cosh y

D[(1 )y cosh y 2 sinh y ]} o y uo

sin x{ A(1 ) cosh y B(1 ) sinh y

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Example 8.5 Rectangular

cos n x[ Bn cosh n y C n n y sinh n y ]

cos m y[ Fm cosh m x Gm m x sinh m x ] C0 x 2

x 2n cos n x[ Bn cosh n y C n ( n y sinh n y 2 cosh n y )]

2m cos m y[ Fm cosh m x Gm m x sinh m x]

y cos n x[ Bn cosh n y C n n y sinh n y ] 2C 0

2m cos m y[ Fm cosh m x Gm ( m x sinh m x 2 cosh m x)]

xy 2n sin n x[ Bn sinh n y C n ( n y cosh n y sinh n y )]

2m sin m y[ Fm sinh m x G m ( m x cosh m x sinh m x)]

Theory, Applications and Numerics

Using Fourier series theory to