HEAD/NECK II: Throat/ Pharynx

Overview: Sagittal view of

nose/mouth/throat
Nasal Cavity and Breathing
Mouth and Chewing
Throat and Swallowing
Larynx and Singing

Sagittal Section Head

Cranial cavity
Brain/Spinal cord
Vertebral bodies
Epaxial muscles
Hard/soft palate
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Trachea
Epiglottis
Nasopharynx
OroLaringo-

Nose/Nasal Cavity and Breathing

Function:
Inlet for air to lung
Warm/filter air
(mucous membranes on
ethmoid conchae)

Smell

(nerve endings on nasal

membranes)

M&M, Fig. 21.1

Conchae of Ethmod Bone

Scroll-like bones
M&M, Fig. 7.10

Covered in mucous membrane for

Smell
Filter air
Warm air

Maxillary
Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid

M&M, Fig. 7.11

Sinuses

All connected to nasal

cavity
All lined with mucous
membranes
Cold/allergiesfill
with mucous=sinus
headache

Mouth/Oral Cavity and Chewing

FUNCTION
Bite and chew food
Form words
Taste
Kiss

Lined by thick
stratified squamous
epithelium (almost
no keratin)

COMPONENTS
Lips
Cheeks
Palate
Jaws and teeth
Salivary glands

Vestibulein front of teeth

Oral cavity properbehind teeth

FUNCTION
Close mouth
Keep food in
Make speech sounds
Tactile

Lips

STRUCTURE
Core of sphinchter-shape skeletal
muscle (orbicularis oris)
Red margin transition from
keratinized skin to oral mucosa
Red because clear color lets
underlying vessels show through
No sweat or sebaceous glands, thus
needs to be wet (or lip balm)

M&M, Fig. 11.6

FUNCTION
Form side of moth

Cheeks

STRUCTURE
Buccinator muscle
instrumental in
swallowing, connects
back to pharyngeal
constrictors

M&M, Fig. 11.6

Palate
Hard palate anterior
Maxilla
Palatine

Soft palate is posterior

extension, soft tissue
Palatoglossal arch
(palate to tongue)
Palatopharyngeal arch
(palate to pharynx)
Tonsils between arches
Uvula???

M&M, Fig. 22.7

Jaws
FUNCTION
Hold teeth
Occlude in chewing

M&M, Fig. 7.3

STRUCTURE
Upper jawmaxillary bone
Lower jaw--mandible

Teeth

Deciduous teethmilk or
baby teeth
Emerge 6 mos. 2 yrs.
Replaced by permanent
teeth 6-12 yrs.

Wisdom teeth (3rd molar)

erupts 17-25 yrs or remains
in jaw

Key to healthy
teeth and gums:
Flossing
Visiting dentist
regularly (every 6
mos.) and starting
at young age (3-4

Structure of individual toothits alive!!

Jaw muscles

Masseter, temporalis
elevate mandible (close
jaw)
Medial pterygoidlateral
(side-to-side) chewing
Lateral pterygoidtranslates
mandible anteriorly (part of
opening)
Digastric (not shown)
depresses mandible (opens
jaw)
Chewing is circular motion

M&M, Fig. 11.7

Tongue
FUNCTION
Position food between
teeth
Form words in speech
STRUCTURE
Intrinsic muscles
(allow for shape
change with fibers in
various directions)
Extrinsic muscles
attach tongue to
skeleton
Genioglossus
hyoglossus

M&M, Fig. 22.7

Salivary glands
Intrinsicall over
mucous membranes
of tongue, palate, lips,
lining of cheek
Extrinsicsecrete
more saliva when
eating (or anticipating)
Parotid
Submandibular
sublingual

M&M, Fig. 22.10

Saliva
Moistens mouth
Dissolves food to be tasted
Wets and binds food
Contains amylase to start starch digestion
(saltine to sugar experiment)
Contains bicarbonate to neutralize cavitycausing acids produced by bacteria
Contains anti-bacterial and anti-viral enzymes
and cyanide-like compound to kill harmful
micro-organisms
Contains proteins that stimulate growth of
beneficial bacteria in the mouth

Throat/Pharynx and Swallowing

Back of mouth to larynx
Food and air mix and cross

PHARYNX
Esopha
gus
Trache
a

STRUCTURES
Entrypharyngeal arches
Exitglottis (epiglottis is lid)
Pharyngeal constrictors
squeeze food through

Air

When it goes wrongchoking!!

Food

Pharynx and Swallowing

Focus on muscles and arrangement of

mouth cavity, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis,
Pharynx/Swallowing
trachea
in detail!!

Descent of the larynx

Larynx and Singing

FUNCTION
Channel air out of trachea
Vibrate to produce sound for
speech/song
STRUCTURES
External skeleton or frame (cartilage)
Internal vocal cords and associated
muscles

Skeleton of larynx

M&M, Fig. 21.5

Cricothyroid ligament is usual site of emergency

tracheotomy (feel on selfSURFACE ANATOMY)

Vocal cords

M&M, Fig. 21.6

COMING SOON!!
Head/Neck III: Special Senses
Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves