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INTRODUCTION TO

PSYCHOLOGY
(SSC 210)
Taalia Hassan

BBA/Bsc III/IV

Fall Semester 2014

TEACHING STRATEGY:

Teaching would include lectures, discussions, presentations,


quizzes, class and home assignments.
A special focus on psychological and behavioral problems in
Pakistan will be carried out.
In addition, all students would be required to complete a project
and present it to the class for discussion.

Final Exam
30%
Mid Term
20%
Project and presentation
20%
Quizzes and assignments 20%
Attendance and Class Participation,

10%

READING MATERIAL

Benjamin B. Lahey; Psychology An Introduction


Mc-Graw Hill New York.(Ch: 1 to 8, 10, 12-16)
11th Edition
A few interesting articles based on different
aspects of psychology

FOR ASSISTANCE AND QUERIES

taaliak@hotmail.com

NO SPAM MAIL!

CLASS RULES!

Either stay in the class or dont come at all (NO coming in


and going out again and again)

Cell phones on silent at all times in classroom

Give respect and take respect

Assignment submission only entertained at an


announced time of deadline

Proper printed assignments should be submitted

A ten minutes break means 10 MINUTES

COURSE OUTLINE

Introduction: What is psychology. Psychology Myth and


Reality. History of psychology. Areas in psychology. Modern
day theories of psychology.
Research methodology: Critical thinking. Psychology as a
science. Methods used in the study of behavior and mental
processes.
Biological basis of behavior: Neurons and the nervous system.
Structure and functions of the brain. genetic influences in
behavior.
Sensation and perception: Structure and functions of the eye,
ear and other senses. Perception.

States of consciousness: Sleep, dreams and sleep


disorders. Drug abuse and dependence.
Learning: What is learning? Classical and
operant conditioning. Reward and punishment.
Escape and avoidance learning.
Memory: Types of memory. Forgetting.
Cognition: Theories and measurement of
thinking.

Motivation and emotions: Primary and secondary


needs. Biological thermostat. Physiology and
theories of emotions.
Personality: Theories and measurement of
personality.
Stress and coping: health and stress. Conflict.
Frustrations.
Abnormal behavior: Behavior disorders and
therapy.

LECTURE: 01

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

PSYCHOLOGY

The term Psychology comes from Aristotles word


Psyche and the Greek word logos

Psyche= The mind or the Soul

Logos= The study of

Since then, the meaning has evolved of the


modern discipline of Psychology

DEFINITION

Psychology is defined as the science of Behavior


and Mental Processes
Science: Approach to knowledge based on
systematic observation.
Behavior: Directly observable and measureable
actions.
Mental Processes: Private psychological
activities that include thinking, perceiving and
feeling.

GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY

What are the Psychologists trying to accomplish?

Describe

Predict

Understand

And Influence human behavior and mental


processes.

DESCRIBE
The information gathered through scientific
research helps psychologists describe
psychological phenomena more accurately and
completely.
For example to find out the frequency of drug
abuse amongst teenagers .

PREDICT

In some case Psychologists are able to predict


future behavior, e.g. Psychometric tests which
enable psychologists/Employers to predict the
performance of the candidates.

UNDERSTAND
To understand the behavior and mental processes
we need to know their cause.
Theories offer us that explanation but it is
important to understand that theories are
tentative explanation of facts and relationships
in science.

INFLUENCE

Psychologists want to influence behavior in


beneficial ways to help people cope with
depression , anxiety etc and that is where
psychology completely fulfills its promise.

FOUNDING THE SCIENCE OF


PSYCHOLOGY (SOME IMPORTANT NAMES)

No formal science of Psychology even 2,200 years after Aristotle


19th Century marked the establishment of psychology as an
independent discipline
Wilhelm Wundt
founded the first laboratory of Psychology
Conducted introspective study of human consciousness with
Edward Titchener and J. Henry Alston
The term introspection is also used to describe a research
technique that was first developed by psychologistWilhelm Wundt
. Also known as experimental self-observation, Wundt's technique
involved training people to carefully and objectively as possible
analyze the content of their own thoughts.

Max Wertheimer
Gestalt Psychology
Phi Phenomenon (for demonstrating whole is
different from the sum of its parts)
William James
Emphasized on the survival functions of
consciousness
Taught the first proper course and published the
first textbook of Psychology
Deeply influenced by the work of Charles Darwin

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
Gestalt psychology is aschool of thoughtthat
looks at the human mind and behavior as a
whole. When trying to make sense of the world
around us, Gestalt psychology suggests that we
do not simply focus on every small component.
Instead, our minds tend to perceive objects as
part of a greater whole and as elements of more
complex systems. This school of psychology
played a major role in the modern development of
the study of human sensation and perception.

PHI-PHENOMENON

Thephi phenomenonis an illusion that is visual


in nature, which causes an observer or viewer to
distinguish and perceive movement in stationary
objects. It is a perceptual illusion in which people
see motion that is produced by a succession of
immobile images. Our brain and visual organs
allow us to perceive continuous movement from a
series of images. Illusion of smooth movement is
created when our brain fills in the missing
information that does not exist between
successive images.

Alfred Binet
Developed psychometrics movement by developing
an intelligence test
Ivan Pavlov
Founded behaviorism movement, specifically
focusing only on overt(openly) movement
Sigmund Freud
Worked on psychoanalysis and unconsciousness
Remarkable work on unconsciousness

BASIC AREAS OF MODERN


PSYCHOLOGY
Sensation and
Perception

Biological
Psychology

Motivation
and emotion

Learning and
memory

Developmental
Psychology

Basic

Areas

Sociocultural
Psychology

Personality

Social
Psychology

Cognition

APPLIED AREAS OF MODERN


PSYCHOLOGY
Clinical
Psychology

Health
Psychology

Applied

Areas

Industrial and
Organizational
Psychology

Counseling
Psychology

Educational and
school Psychology

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