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EN
ESCLEROSIS MLTIPLE
Introduccin:
En busca de un minimental para la EM
Se estima que el 43-70% de los pacientes con EM, en todas sus formas, incluida
forma IS, presentan trastorno cognitivo (Langdon et al 2014).
Grupo EM
(30)
Grupo Control
(30)
Edad
36,479,22
34,379,37
Aos escolaridad
12,535,19
12,505,75
Nivel escolaridad
4,531,25
4,671,47
1,381,15
1,230.88
63,33%/36,67%
60%/40%
Proporcin mujer/varn
Tabla 1. Parmetros clnicos de los grupos EM y control. Los valores hacen referencia a media DT para
los cuatro primeros. La escala empleada en el parmetro "nivel de escolaridad" es: 1=iletrado, 2=sabe leer
y escribir, 3=estudios primarios, 4=EGB-bachillerato elemental, 5=estudios medios, 6=estudios
superiores. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el grupo EM y el grupo control en ninguno
de los parmetros referidos.
Media
Desviacin
tpica
Mnimo
Mximo
EDSS
Evolucin
2,333
8,733
8,465
1,003
6,313
41
4,5
24
Se comparan los valores de normalidad encontrados en nuestra poblacin con los encontrados por el
Dr. Pea-Casanova en su poblacin catalana con las mismas caractersticas de edad y escolaridad a la
nuestra (20-49 aos, y con ms de 8 aos de escolaridad), observamos que en los siguientes subtest
nuestro punto de corte es sensiblemente diferente (Sevilla vs Barcelona):
Estos resultados indican que el nivel sociocultural de cada poblacin influye de manera decisiva en el
rendimiento de las pruebas neuropsicolgicas, y es necesario contar con valores normalizados para la
poblacin que se quiere estudiar.
Flix Viuela. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Sevilla 1997
N Test % alteracin
23.1
23.2
23.3
24.4
28.2
29.2
30.4
30.6
30.7
30.8
37.3
37.4
41
55,2%
30,0%
24,1%
23,3%
26,7%
26,7%
20,7%
16,7%
13,8%
17,2%
20,7%
24,1%
26,7%
Correlacin (r)
-,57
-,56
-,51
-,41
-,67
-,59
-5,61E-2
-,29
3,01E-2
4,94E-2
-,47
-,54
-,65
p
, 0011
, 0014
, 0048
, 0306
<, 0001
, 0008
,7789
,1325
,8804
,8049
, 0108
, 0023
, 0001
4. SD MT
Errores
SDMT
PASAT variable vs fijo 2-3
FCSRT (7minutos, 12 items) vs SRT (complejidad en su interpretacin) Flix Viuela Fernndez.
Evocacin categorial semntica (animales) y fontica (por P, sin E)
Reunin Anual SEN. Valencia 2014.
any
domains of information processing speed, verbal memory and visual memory included:
SDMT (5 minutes)
Optional (10 minutes):
a battery of scales addressing the three domains identified would capture a reasonable
proportion of significant cognitive impairment in large clinical samples.
Executive function scales were felt to be too long and too challenging to administer in
the target context.
Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis reduces patients life satisfaction and healthrelated quality of life.
Reported cognitive impairment prevalence rates are between 43% and 70%.
They occur in all disease stages, including clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and early
relapsingremitting MS (RRMS).
Cognition is only loosely related to disease duration and physical disability (in some
instances clearly dissociated)
Cognitive deficits typically involve a few cognitive domains, spare language and are
often undetected at consultation.
MS cognitive deficits occur in the context of sensory and motor impairments and reduced
functioning and engagement is easily attributable to physical disabilities.
Cognitive impairment is not always at the forefront of the neurologists mind, although
cognitive decline could be as important to the patient as physical relapses or MRI lesions.
BICAMS:
verbal memory (inmediate recall)
BICAMS:
visual memory
(inmediate recall)
Two major candidate scales emerged: the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test Revised
(BVMT-R) and the 10/36 Spatial Recall Test.
The BVMT-R is in the MACFIMS and the 10/36 is in the BRB-N
The committees discussion highlighted:
The BVMT-R T1-3 requires the patient to inspect a 2 3 stimulus array of abstract
geometric figures (Figure 3). There are three learning trials of 10 s. The array is
removed and the patient is required to draw the array from memory, with the correct
shapes in the correct position.
Validity of the BVMT-R T1-3 has been indicated by significant association with brain
MR total lesion area, T1 lesion and FLAIR lesion volume, BPF and third ventricular
width and right superior frontal atrophy and correlation with some DGM nuclei,
including thalamic fraction.
Flix Viuela Fernndez.
Reunin Anual SEN. Valencia 2014.
Information processing refers to ability to maintain and manipulate information in brain during a
short time period and to velocity to process this information
Deficits on information processing are the most frequent amongst MS patients, and tests can be
used as long term predictors of cognitive decline (Chiaravalloti & DeLuca 2008 )
damages on information processing can be hidden as memory or attention alterations
There are two widely used tests of attention and processing speed in multiple sclerosis:
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT)
Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT, oral form).
Both are included in the BRB-N and the MACFIMS.
It has equal psychometric validity to the PASAT. (Drake et al 2010)
The committee considered the evidence that the PASAT has detected therapeutic efficacy of disease
modifying medication on cognition but felt that the SDMT was the better choice for the specified
context on feasibility grounds.
SDMT is more congenial for both patient and assessor, takes less time to complete,
requires less expertise and experience of the assessor, and unlike the PASAT, does not
require special equipment for auditory presentation of stimuli.
Flix Viuela Fernndez.
Reunin Anual SEN. Valencia 2014.
SDMT-oral version
the best predictor of MS cognitive impairment in both the BRB-N and MACFIMS.
is reliable when administered by nursing staff over several months with minimal practice
effects (Benedict et al 2008)
well validated against brain MRI parameters (including atrophy ,and cortical lesion
number and white matter lesion volume) (Bomboi et al 2011)
external clinical validity, being significantly linked to both current and future
employment status (Morrow et al 2010)