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Chapters 2 & 3
Honors Biology
Mrs. Gutierrez
Why study
chemistry in
a biology
class?
Even the most basic
units of life, cells,
are made of smaller
and smaller subunits
The structure and
function of all
living things are
governed by the
laws of chemistry
What is Chemistry?
The study of the composition, structure, properties,
and reactions of a substance.
All life processes involve chemical changes.
Digestion
Reproduction
Growth
Respiration
92
109
matter
energy
atoms
elements
molecule
mass
structure
proton neutron
heat
kinetic
battery
potential
position
movementActivation
electron
energy
ATP
stored
chemical
bonds
nucleus
isotope
compound
ion
reactions
hydrogen
acid
base
pH
ionic
hydroge
covalentn
What is pH?
pH stands for the
potential/power of the
hydrogen ion (H+)
pOH is the
potential/power of the
hydroxide ion (OH-)
pH and pOH add up to 14
Ex: if the pOH of a solution
is 7, what is the pH?
A pH of 7 is considered
neutral
http://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htm
l
pH scale quantified
pH Concentrations
What type of a solution has a pH of 5?
Acid
Indicators
indicate the concentration of a substance
by color.
Universal indicator is only one example.
http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/r
esources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/scien
ce/acids/index.htm
Reaction to
Red Litmus
Reaction to
Blue Litmus
pH according
to pH paper
pH probe
Uses a computer
interface
pH Lab
Acid
or
base
Test soln.
Hypotheses
An assumption subject
to verification or
proof.
Written in the If
then format.
Example:
If acid is added to
water, then the pH
will_____
If base is added to
water, then the pH
will_____
Chemical Buffers
Chemical substances that
neutralize small amounts
or either acid or base
added to a solution
BUFFERS DO NOT
NECESSARILY
NEUTRALIZE THE
SOLUTION TO A PH 7!
Ex: stomach acid remains
at a pH of 2 regardless of
whether you ingest acidic
or basic substances
Application of Buffers
Chemical
reactions will
only occur
normally in a
system that
resists a change
in pH
This is part of a
process known
as homeostasis
Biochemistry
Inorganic
not organic
Ex: water
poly = many
A polymer is made up
of many monomers
How do the 2
boxcars join
together to form
a long train?
More analogies?
Dehydration Synthesis or
Condensation Reaction
Condensation/Hydrolysis
Demonstration
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sb
ioac/biochem/condense.htm
Hydrolysis
Molecules will not only need to be built, as
in the case of making new muscle and bone,
but they will also need to be broken down,
as in the case of digestion of food.
This time, water must be added (among
enzymes) to break the bonds.
Example:
Making new
muscle for
growth in your
body
Example:
Digesting muscle
after eating meat
in order to get the
monomers to
make new muscle
Review
Monosaccharide #1
Monosaccharide #2
Disaccharide
Carbohydrates
Type of
Compound
Examples
Elements
Subunit
(monomer)
Functions
Monosaccharide Glucose,
fructose,
galactose
C6H12O6
Source of energy
(4Cal/g)
Disaccharide
Sucrose,
maltose,
Lactose
C12H22O11
C, H, O Approx.
a 1C:2H:1O
Monosaccharide
Source of energy
(4Cal/g)
Polysaccharide
Glycogen,
C, H, O Approx.
a 1C:2H:1O
Monosaccharide
Stored energy in
animals
Stored energy in plants
Structural component
of plant cell walls
starch,
cellulose
Recall
Monomer + monomer = polymer + H2O
This is called
Dehydration synthesis or condensation
Example:
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H2O
You try:
3(C6H12O6) =
C18H32O16 + 2H2O
Formation of a polysaccharide
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/deh
ydrat.html
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sb
ioac/biochem/condense.htm
Lipids
Type of
Compound
Examples
Elements
Subunit
(monomer)
Functions
Triglycerides
Fats,
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Stored energy
(9Cal/g), insulation,
nerve impulses,
protection
Secondary solvent of
cell
Oils
Waxes
Ear wax
Same
Protection,
waterproofing
Steroids
Hormones,
cholesterol
Same
Regulate chemical
reactions
Phospholipids
Cell
membranes
same
Formation of a Triglyceride
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi
oac/biochem/triglyc.htm
Proteins
Type of
Compound
Examples
Elements
Subunit
(monomer)
Functions
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen
Amino acid
General function of a
protein is building and
repair. (May be used as
an energy source as a
last resort (4Cal/g)?
Binds gases in red
blood cells
Insulin
Same
Same
Albumin
Same
Same
Nourishing component
of egg whites
Keratin
Same
Same
Structural component
of hair, skin, and nails
Enzymes
Same
Same
Act as a catalyst by
regulating chemical
reaction rates
Hemoglobin
Formation of a polypeptide
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi
oac/biochem/amino.htm
Enzymes
Most enzyme are proteins
Three characteristics
Reusable
Specific
Catalyst (lower the activation energy (Ea)of a
reaction)
http://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/C
ontrol_Systems.htm (read from the introduction
to the definition of homeostasis)
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/ch
emistry/essentialchemistry/flash/
activa2.swf
Short video clip of exothermic reactions.
catalase
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Catalase
An enzyme found in any
living tissue, plant or
animal
Catalase works best under
constant conditions
(homeostasis) of
temperature and pH
Predict what the graph
would look like if the
liver, containing catalase,
is
Boiled
Acidified
What happened?
The enzyme catalase was denatured (NOT
killed).
Since enzymes are specific, catalase no
longer fit the substrate.
Type of
compound
Examples
Elements
Subunits
(monomers)
Functions
Nucleic Acids
DNA
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen,
phosphorus
Nucleotide
Stores genetic
information for
making proteins
Directly
involved in
protein
synthesis
RNA
Water
-polar
-cohesive
-adhesive
Ice, liquid
water,
vapor
Hydrogen,
oxygen
H2O
Primary solvent
of the cell
http://programs.northlandcollege.
edu/biology/Biology1111/animati
ons/hydrogenbonds.html
Short video clip about waters polarity and
hydrogen bonding properties.