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Chemistry & Biochemistry

Chapters 2 & 3

Honors Biology
Mrs. Gutierrez

Why study
chemistry in
a biology
class?
Even the most basic
units of life, cells,
are made of smaller
and smaller subunits
The structure and
function of all
living things are
governed by the
laws of chemistry

What is Chemistry?
The study of the composition, structure, properties,
and reactions of a substance.
All life processes involve chemical changes.

Digestion
Reproduction
Growth
Respiration

Once chemical changes are understood, life


processes can be better understood.

92

109

matter

energy

atoms
elements
molecule

mass

structure
proton neutron

heat

kinetic

battery

potential

position
movementActivation
electron
energy

ATP

stored
chemical
bonds

nucleus

isotope

compound

ion

reactions

hydrogen
acid

base
pH

ionic

hydroge
covalentn

What is pH?
pH stands for the
potential/power of the
hydrogen ion (H+)
pOH is the
potential/power of the
hydroxide ion (OH-)
pH and pOH add up to 14
Ex: if the pOH of a solution
is 7, what is the pH?
A pH of 7 is considered
neutral

http://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htm
l
pH scale quantified

pH Concentrations
What type of a solution has a pH of 5?
Acid

Which is a stronger acid, pH 5 or pH 2?


pH 2

How much stronger?


103 or 1,000 times stronger
The pH scale is logarithmic, each increment being a
multiple of 10
The increments are then multiplied

Indicators
indicate the concentration of a substance
by color.
Universal indicator is only one example.

http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/r
esources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/scien
ce/acids/index.htm

Read the Help section to review


Chose Litmus Reactions
Type your FULL name
Follow directions

Reaction of Various Materials to


pH & Litmus Papers
Material
Tested
HCl
NaOH
H2O

Reaction to
Red Litmus

Reaction to
Blue Litmus

pH according
to pH paper

Other ways of measuring pH


pH meter
Hand-held device

pH probe
Uses a computer
interface

pH Lab

Acid
or
base

You will be using a


technique called titration
An acid or base will be
placed in a buret and
slowly added to the test
solution
Water
Buffer
Cell homogenate

The computer will assist in


recording any changes in
pH

Test soln.

Hypotheses
An assumption subject
to verification or
proof.
Written in the If
then format.
Example:
If acid is added to
water, then the pH
will_____
If base is added to
water, then the pH
will_____

Chemical Buffers
Chemical substances that
neutralize small amounts
or either acid or base
added to a solution
BUFFERS DO NOT
NECESSARILY
NEUTRALIZE THE
SOLUTION TO A PH 7!
Ex: stomach acid remains
at a pH of 2 regardless of
whether you ingest acidic
or basic substances

Application of Buffers
Chemical
reactions will
only occur
normally in a
system that
resists a change
in pH
This is part of a
process known
as homeostasis

The pH of many living things tends to be around neutral.

Biochemistry

The chemistry of biological substances and processes.


Involves carbon compounds
Organic
Carbon-based and originated from a living thing
Ex: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Inorganic
not organic
Ex: water

Monomer vs. Polymer


Mono = 1
A monomer is the
basic building block

poly = many
A polymer is made up
of many monomers

How do the 2
boxcars join
together to form
a long train?

More analogies?

Dehydration Synthesis or
Condensation Reaction

Condensation/Hydrolysis
Demonstration
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sb
ioac/biochem/condense.htm

Note: Glucose and fructose are isomers

Hydrolysis
Molecules will not only need to be built, as
in the case of making new muscle and bone,
but they will also need to be broken down,
as in the case of digestion of food.
This time, water must be added (among
enzymes) to break the bonds.

Example:
Making new
muscle for
growth in your
body

Example:
Digesting muscle
after eating meat
in order to get the
monomers to
make new muscle

Review
Monosaccharide #1

Monosaccharide #2

Disaccharide

Review of chemical reactions


http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index
_tj.asp?objID=AP13004

Carbohydrates
Type of
Compound

Examples

Elements

Subunit
(monomer)

Functions

Monosaccharide Glucose,
fructose,
galactose
C6H12O6

Carbon, hydrogen, itself


oxygen
Exactly a
1C:2H:1O

Source of energy
(4Cal/g)

Disaccharide

Sucrose,
maltose,
Lactose
C12H22O11

C, H, O Approx.
a 1C:2H:1O

Monosaccharide

Source of energy
(4Cal/g)

Polysaccharide

Glycogen,

C, H, O Approx.
a 1C:2H:1O

Monosaccharide

Stored energy in
animals
Stored energy in plants
Structural component
of plant cell walls

starch,
cellulose

Recall
Monomer + monomer = polymer + H2O
This is called
Dehydration synthesis or condensation

Example:
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H2O

You try:
3(C6H12O6) =

C18H32O16 + 2H2O

Formation of a polysaccharide
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/deh
ydrat.html
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sb
ioac/biochem/condense.htm

Lipids
Type of
Compound

Examples

Elements

Subunit
(monomer)

Functions

Triglycerides

Fats,

Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen

3 fatty acids and a


glycerol

Stored energy
(9Cal/g), insulation,
nerve impulses,
protection
Secondary solvent of
cell

Oils

Waxes

Ear wax

Same

1 fatty acid and


alcohol chain

Protection,
waterproofing

Steroids

Hormones,
cholesterol

Same

Fused carbon rings

Regulate chemical
reactions

Phospholipids

Cell
membranes

same

2 fatty acids and a


glycerol

Regulates what enters


and leaves a cell

Formation of a Triglyceride
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi
oac/biochem/triglyc.htm

Why cholesterol is good (and


bad)
http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/
0470003790/animations/animations.htm

Proteins
Type of
Compound

Examples

Elements

Subunit
(monomer)

Functions

Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen

Amino acid

General function of a
protein is building and
repair. (May be used as
an energy source as a
last resort (4Cal/g)?
Binds gases in red
blood cells

Insulin

Same

Same

Regulates blood sugar


levels

Albumin

Same

Same

Nourishing component
of egg whites

Keratin

Same

Same

Structural component
of hair, skin, and nails

Enzymes

Same

Same

Act as a catalyst by
regulating chemical
reaction rates

Hemoglobin

Formation of a polypeptide
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi
oac/biochem/amino.htm

Enzymes
Most enzyme are proteins
Three characteristics
Reusable
Specific
Catalyst (lower the activation energy (Ea)of a
reaction)
http://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/C
ontrol_Systems.htm (read from the introduction
to the definition of homeostasis)

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/ch
emistry/essentialchemistry/flash/
activa2.swf
Short video clip of exothermic reactions.

catalase

2H2O2 2H2O + O2

Catalase
An enzyme found in any
living tissue, plant or
animal
Catalase works best under
constant conditions
(homeostasis) of
temperature and pH
Predict what the graph
would look like if the
liver, containing catalase,
is
Boiled
Acidified

What happened?
The enzyme catalase was denatured (NOT
killed).
Since enzymes are specific, catalase no
longer fit the substrate.

Type of
compound

Examples

Elements

Subunits
(monomers)

Functions

Nucleic Acids

DNA

Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen,
phosphorus

Nucleotide

Stores genetic
information for
making proteins

Directly
involved in
protein
synthesis

RNA

Water
-polar
-cohesive
-adhesive

Ice, liquid
water,
vapor

Hydrogen,
oxygen

H2O

Primary solvent
of the cell

http://programs.northlandcollege.
edu/biology/Biology1111/animati
ons/hydrogenbonds.html
Short video clip about waters polarity and
hydrogen bonding properties.

Nice quiz reviewing the Big 4


Molecules
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.ht
ml

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