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Sub-Titles
1. Fracture
2. Creep
3. Fatigue
FRACTURE-DEFINITION
Afractureis the (local) separation of an object
or material into two, or more, pieces under the
action ofstress.
The wordfractureis often applied tobonesof
living creatures (that is, abone fracture), or
tocrystalsor crystalline materials, such
asgemstonesormetal.
Types Of Fractures
DUCTILE FRACTURE
The term Fracture is defined as a
single body being separated into pieces
by an imposed stress.
The main difference between brittle and ductile fracture are the
amount ofplastic deformationthat the material undergoes
before fracture occurs.
Ductile materials demonstrate large amounts of plastic
deformation while brittle materials show little or no plastic
deformation before fracture.
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
(DUCTILE MATERIALS)
On the microscopic level, ductile fracture
surfaces also appear rough and irregular. The
surface consists of many microvoids and
dimples.
2. Propagation of Deformation, the Enlargement of microvoids to form a crack, Lateral Spreading of crack towards
the edge of the specimen.
Back
BRITTLE FRACTURE
Brittle fracture is a rapid run of cracks through a
stressed material.
In most cases, this is the worst type of fracture
BRITTLE FRACTURE
PATTERNS.
Some brittle materials have lines and ridges, beginning at the
origin of the crack and spreading out across the crack surface.
BRITTLE FRACTURE-TYPES
In trans-granular fracture, the fracture travels through
the grain of the material.
IMAGES
TRANS-GRANULAR IMAGE
INTER-GRANULAR IMAGE
DUCTILE TO BRITTLE
TRANSITION
In fracture, there are many
shades of gray
CASE STUDY 1
CASE STUDY-1
CREEP DEFINITION
Inmaterials science,creepis the
tendency of a solid material to slowly
move or deform permanently under the influence
ofstresses.
It occurs as a result of long term exposure to high levels
of stress that are below thematerial yield strength.
Creep is more severe in materials that are subjected
toheatfor long periods, and near melting point.
Creep always increases with temperature.
CREEP
is a function of the
Material properties,
Exposure time,
Exposuretemperature
Appliedstructural load.
CREEP PROPERTIES
Unlike brittle fracture, creep deformation does not occur suddenly while
applying stress. Instead,strainaccumulates as a result of long-term
stress. Creep is a "time-dependent" deformation.
before creep deformation can occur while ice will creep near 0 C (32
F).
As a Thumb rule, the effects of creep deformation usually initiated at
STAGES OF CREEP
In the initial stage, or primary creep,
the strain rate is relatively high, but slows with
increasing strain. This is due to work hardening.
In the Second Stage, the strain rate eventually reaches a minimum
and becomes constant. This is due to the balance between work hardening and
annealing (thermal softening). This stage is known as secondary or steadystate
creep.
Stress dependence of this rate depends on the creep mechanism. In tertiary
creep, the strain rate exponentially increases with stress because of necking
phenomena. (It leads to the formation of internal cracks, Voids, Grain Boundary
Seperation, Necking)
CREEP MECHANISMS
1. STRESS ASSISTED VACANCY DIFFUSION:
It usually experienced in thin films due to
thermal stress development followed by void formation
in the copper films of thickness of 10, 50, 100 nm
2. GRAIN BOUNDARY DIFFUSION:
1. TheKirkendall effectis the motion of the boundary layer
between two metals that occurs as a consequence of the
difference in diffusion rates of the metal atoms.
2. The effect can be observed for example by placing
insoluble markers at the interface between a puremetal
and analloycontaining that metal, and heating to a
temperature wherediffusionis possible; the boundary
will move relative to the markers.
3. For example, usingmolybdenumas a marker
betweencopperandbrass(a copper-zincalloy), the region occupied by the
brass will expand until it includes the molybdenum. This occurs because zinc diffuses
more rapidly than the copper.
CREEP MECHANISMS
3. GRAIN BOUNDARY SLIDING:
4. DISLOCATION MOTION :
MODE-1 : Opening
MODE-2 : In Plane Shear
MODE-3 : Out of Plane Shear
MODES OF CRACK
There are three ways of applying a force to enable
a
crack to propagate:
Mode I crack Opening mode (atensile stress
normal to the plane of the crack )
Mode II crack Sliding mode (ashear stressacting
parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack
front)
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