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Metabolic Cycle
Ian R. Lanza, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Energy Balance
to general
circulation
Hepatic vein
Energetically-demanding
processes in skeletal muscle
Repolarization (Na+/K+
ATPase)
Calcium transport (Ca2+
ATPase)
Crossbridge cycling (Myosin
ATPase)
100x
increase in
ATP demand
Catabolism
(releases
energy)
Simple compounds
CO2
H2O
NH3
The Mitochondrion
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Brain
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
(Cellular Respiration)
H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
RER=6/6=1
(6*2)=3.0
C16H32O2 + 23O2
16CO2 + 16H2O + 129 ATP RER=16/23=0.7
P/O=129/(16*2)=2.8
Electron
sources
CHO
Fatty acids
Ketones
Amino Acids
P/O=36/
Lipid Metabolism
Palmitate
(16:0)
Linoleic acid
(18:2)
Eicosapentaenoic acid
(20:5)
Triglyceride
glycerol
esterified fatty
acids
Fat storage
Adipocytes
in adipose
tissue
Droplets in
liver
(ectopic)
Droplets in
muscle
(ectopic)
FFA
FFA
FFA
Triglycerid
es
HSL
Diglyceri
des
Fatty acid
HSL
Monoglyceri
des
Fatty acid
Glycerol
HSL+MG
Glycerol
L
Fatty acid
FFA
Hydrogen
peroxide
(H2O2)
Hydroxyl radical
(OH)
Dysfunction
al
mitochondri
a
Impaired
muscle function
Oxidative
stress
Cell death
Physical
inactivity
Decrease
protein
quality
Exercise
intolerance
Protein &
DNA
damage
Energy Balance
Decrease
d
appetite
Increased
REE
db/db
mice
Heinonen et al.,
Molecular Transducers of
Physical Activity
Consortium (MoTrPAC)