CHAPTER 8: SALTS

W H O I S S ALT ?

W H O IS
I S SALT
S A LT ?
?
WHAT
Ionic compound formed when the
hydrogen ion, H+ from an acid is replaced
by a metal ion or an ammonium ion, NH4+

REFER TEXT BOOK : PAGE 138

EXAMPLE :

Na

replace

Na+ Cl-

Metal ions

Sodium chloride

H Cl
NH4

Ammonium ion

replace

NH4+

Cl-

Ammonium chloride

SALTS CONSIST ANION PART COMES FROM THE

ACID WHILE CATION PART COMES FROM BASES
Common
anions
(parent acids)

Common cations
Na
K

NH4

Ca
Al

2+

2+

Mg

Fe

3+

2+

Zn

Cu

Pb

2+

Fe

2+

2+

3+

HCl
HNO3
H2CO3
H2SO4

METAL ION DISPLACE H+ ION IN ACIDS

Meta Sulpha Chlorid Carbona Nitrate
l ion te salts e salts te salts
salts
+
+ HCl + H2CO3
+
H2SO4
H2NO3
Na

Na2SO4

NaCl

Na2CO3

NaNO3

2+

MgSO4

MgCl2

MgCO3

Mg(NO3)2

Cu 2+

CuSO4

CuCl2

CuCO3

Cu(NO3)2

Al (SO )

AlCl

Al (CO )

Al(NO )

Mg
Al

3+

All nitrate salts ; soluble

salts Barium
Calcium
Silver
Aluminium
nitrate,

nitrate,

nitrate,

Iron(III)
nitrate,

Al(NO3)3

Ba(NO3)2

Ca(NO3)2

AgNO3

Fe(NO3)3

Lead(II)
nitrate,

Potassium
nitrate,

Sodium
nitrate,

Copper(II)
nitrate,

ALL

Pb(NO3)2

KNO3

NaNO3

Cu(NO3)2

NO3-

nitrate,

SOLUBLE
SALT

All Na+, K+, NH4+ salts ; soluble salts

Ammonium
carbonate,

Potassium
carbonate,

Sodium
carbonate,

Potassium
sulphate,

Ammonium
sulphate,

(NH4)2CO3

K2CO3

Na2CO3

K2SO4

(NH4)2SO4

Potassium
nitrate,

Sodium
nitrate,

Potassium
chloride,

Sodium
chloride,

ALL

KNO3

NaNO3

KCl

NaCl

Na+, K+, NH4+

SOLUBLE
SALT

All carbonate salts ;

insoluble salts

Magnesium
carbonate

Calcium
carbonate

Silver
carbonate

MgCO3

CaCO3

Ag2CO3

Copper(II)
carbonate

Zinc
carbonate

CuCO3

ZnCO3

Other
names[hide]
Silver(I)Carbon
Manganese(II)
ate
carbonate

MnCO3

EXCEPT

Potassium
carbonate

Sodium
Carbonate

K2CO3

Na2CO3

Ammonium
carbonate

(NH4)2C
O3

ALL CO32-

INSOLUBL
E SALT
EXCEPT
Na+, K+, NH4+

All SO42-, Cl- salts ; soluble

salts
EXCEPT

Silver(I)
Chloride

Lead(II)
Chloride

AgCl

PbCl2

ALL
Cl-

SOLUBLE
SALT

Mercury(II)
Chloride

HgCl2

EXCEPT

EXCEPT

Pb 2 Pb 2+
+
Ca
Ag + 2+

Lead(II)
sulphate

Calcium(II)
sulphate

PbSO4

CaSO4

Barium
sulphate

ALL

BaSO4

SO42-

SOLUBLE
SALT

Iron(II)
Chloride

Magnesium
Chloride

Zinc
Chloride

FeCl2

MgCl2

ZnCl2

Copper(II)
sulphate

Aluminium(II)
sulphate

CuSO4

Al2(SO4)3

Copper(II)
Chloride

CuCl2

Sodium
chloride,

NaCl

Potassium
chloride,

KCl

INSOLUBLE
SALT

SOLUBLE
SALT

ALL SO4
ALL NO3-

ALL Cl

ALL

2-

PbSO 4
CaSO 4
BaSO 4
AgCl
PbCl 2

ALL
CO32-

Na+, K+, NH4+

CLASSIFICATION OF SALTS

PREPARATION OF SALTS
SOLUBLE SALTS
NEUTRALISATIO
N
ACID + ALKALI
Sodium ,Na+ salts
Potassium, K+ salts
Ammonium, NH4+ salts

[SPA]

OTHER METHOD
ACID + METAL
ACID + METAL
OXIDE
ACID + METAL
CARBONATE
OTHER SOLUBLE
SALTS

INSOLUBLE SALTS
PRECIPITATION
SOLUBLE SALT
+
SOLUBLE SALT
INSOLUBLE SALT
& SOLUBLE SALT

PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS

[ SODIUM SALTS / POTASSIUM SALTS / AMMONIUM SALTS ]
NEUTRALISATION REACTION
EXAMPLE
PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
H

Cl
ACID

OH

ALKALI

Cl

H 2O

SALTS

TITRATION METHOD FIND OUT THE EXACTLY VOLUME OF ACID REQUIRED TO

NEUTRALISE ALKALI.
END POINT POINT WHEN INDICATOR CHANGES COLOUR DURING TITRATION
NOTE : CONCENTRATION AND VOLUME OF ALKALI ARE KNOWN.

LET DO THIS:
PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
APPARATUS : Pipette 25mL, Burette 50mL, Conical Flask 250 mL
MATERIALS : Potassium hydroxide 1.0 M, Hydrochloric acid 1.0 M, Phenolphthalein
Use a pipette to
transfer 25.0 cm3 of
potassium
hydroxide solution
to a conical flask.
Add 2 to 3 drops of

phenolphthalein
Colourless KOH
turn to pink.

Fill a burette
with
hydrochloric
acid and
record the
initial
burette
reading.
Record the
burette reading
in 2d.p

Slowly adding the

acid into the
conical flask and
swirls- until the
indicator turns from
pink to colourless.
Record the volume
of acid used. (V
cm3)
Record the final
burette reading in
2d.p

PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

START OVER AGAIN BUT WITHOUT INDICATOR :
To get the pure and neutral salt solution
Pipette 25.0 cm3
of the same
potassium
hydroxide solution
into a conical
flask.
Do not add any
indicator.

From the
burette, add
exactly V cm3
of hydrochloric
acid to the
alkali and
swirls and
shake well.
Solution salt contains
impurities continuous
with recrystallisation
process

RECRYSTALLISATION
PROCESS
HEATING/EVAPORA
[PURIFIED
SOLUBLE
TE
SALTS]
COOLING
FILTRATION
DRY
C RY S TA L
S A LT

PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS

[ OTHER SALTS EXCEPT Na+, K+, NH4+]
OTHER METHOD : DISSOLVE METAL IN ACID
Metal/ metal oxide/
metal carbonate

Pour 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid

into a beaker. Warm the acid
Use a spatula to add
Glass rod copper(II) oxide powder bit by
bit into the acid. Stir the
Acid
mixture well. Continue adding
copper(II) oxide until some of
it no longer dissolves(excess
unreacted metal
See the change of metal
solid colour and dissolve

Excess
unreacted metal
(residue)
Evaporating
basin with salt
solution (filtrate)

Solution salt contains

impurities continuous
with recrystallisation
process

RECRYSTALLISATION PROCESS [PURIFIED SOLUBLE

SALTS]
HEATING/EVAPORAT
E

COOLING

Salt
solution
Evaporating
basin

Crysta
l

salt

RECRYSTALLISATION PROCESS [PURIFIED SOLUBLE

SALTS]
FILTRATION

Rinse
with
distilled
water

DRY

Glass rod

Salt Cystals

The crystals are filtered

and rinsed with a little
cold distilled water.

C R Y S T A L S A LT
These physical characteristics:
Regulars geometry shapes,
such as cubic or hexagonal.
Flat faces, straight edges and
sharp angles.
Same angle between adjacent
faces.

Filter
Paper

PREPARATIO
N OF
SOLUBLE
SALTS

NEUTRALISATION
REACTION

1 ST TITRATION WITH
INDICATOR

FIND VOLUME OF
ACID
2 ND TITRATION NO INDICATOR
GET PURE SALT

TRANSFER TO
EVAPORATING
BASIN

DISSOLVE SOLUTE IN
ACID

HEATING
DISSOLVE METAL IN
ACID
EXCESS METAL NOT
DISSOLVE

RECRYSTALISATION
HEATING/EVAPORATE

COOLING
FILTRATION
DRY
C R Y S T A L S A LT

COMPLETE REACT

PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS

[ ALL CARBONATE SALTS except Na+/K+/NH4+ ]
PbSO4 / CaSO4/ BaSO4/PbCl2/ AgCl ]
PRECIPITATION REACTION
EXAMPLE PREPARATION OF LEAD(II) CHLORIDE
Pb

NO 3

SOLUBLE
SALTS

Na

Cl

SOLUBLE
SALTS

Pb

Cl 2

Na

NO 3

INSOLUBLE
SALTS

DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION METHOD TWO AQUOUES SOLUTIONS/SOLUBLE SALTS

WERE MIX TOGETHER INTERCHANGE TO PRODUCE TWO NEW COMPOUND WHICH IS
INSOLUBLE SALT OR PRECIPITATE, AND AQUEOUS SOLUTION/SOLUBLE SALTS

PRECIPITATION REACTION

two aquoues solutions/soluble salts

were mix together

[one of the
solutions
contains the
cations of
the insoluble
salt]

[one of the
solutions
contains the
anions of the
insoluble
salt]

the ions of the two aqueous solutions above interchange to produce

two new compound which is insoluble salt or precipitate, and
aqueous solution

Glass
rod

PRECIPITATION REACTION

Mixture solutions
Filter paper

Glas
s rod

Distilled
water

Precipitate
(residue)

Retort
stand

Filter
funnel
Aqueous
Solution
(filterate)

Filtration : Remove solution from

precipitate

FILTRATION

Precipitate
(residue)

Rinse : remove other ions from

precipitate

RINSE

PRECIPITATION REACTION

Precipitate
/Soluble
salts

Filter paper

Dry : Dried by pressing between two

pieces of filter paper.

FLOW CHART :
PREPARATION OF
INSOLUBLE SALTS

MIX - STIR
TWO SOLUBLE SALTS
FILTRATION
REMOVE FILTRATE
RINSE
REMOVE OTHER IONS
DRY

PRESS BETWEEN FILTER

PREPARATION OF
SALTS
REMEMBER : METAL ION DISPLACE
HYDROGEN ION IN ACID TO FORMED SALTS

METAL / AMMONIUM ION

Na+

Ca2+

Zn2+

K+

Al3+

Pb2+

NH4+

Mg2+

Cu2+

Fe3+

Fe2+

HCl [H+/Cl-]
Hydrochloric acid
HNO3 [H+/NO3-]
Nitric Acid
H2SO4 [2H+/SO42-]
Nitric Acid
H2CO3 [2H+/CO32-]
Nitric Acid

SUMMARIES OF REACTION

Method/Reaction

Reason

Type of
Salts
(Metal)

Neutralisation
(Titration method)
Alkali + Acid Salts + Water

Salts of sodium,
potassium, and ammonium
ions are soluble.

Na+
K+
NH4+

Metal Displacement
Metal + Acid Salts +
Hydrogen

More electropositive metals

can displace hydrogen ion
from acid.

Ca2+
Mg2+
Al3+
Zn2+

Metal oxide + Acid Salts +

Hydrogen

Less electropositive metals

cannot displace hydrogen
ion from acid.

Cu2+
/Ag+

Metal carbonate + Acid Salts

+ Water + Carbon dioxide

metal carbonate is a solid

that cannot dissolve in
water, in reaction that solid

All except
Na+/K+/NH4+

EXTRA INFO TO REMEMBER

Reactive metals are magnesium, aluminium, and zinc. Less
reactive metals are iron, lead, silver
Metals that are less reactive from hydrogen such as copper
and silver do not react with dilute acid.
Soluble salts with sodium, potassium and ammonium ions can
be prepared through neutralisation.
Do not use nitric acid because it can act as oxidising agent
and form complicated products.

EXTRA INFO TO REMEMBER

Metal, metal oxides and metal carbonates are solids that cannot
dissolve in water.
So, during the reaction the solids above must be added excessively to
make sure all the hydrogen ions in acid are completely reacted.
Excess solid can be expelled through filtration.

Less reactive metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag) cannot
react with dilute acid.
So, to prepare salt containing lead ions (Pb2+), copper ions (Cu2+) or silver
ions (Ag+), we must use either oxide powder or carbonate powder only.
Impure soluble salt can be purified through crystallization process