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Ndungu.joseph59@gmail.com
Outline
2
Course goal
Primary areas of AI
What is intelligence? What is artificial intelligence?
Demystifying AI
A very brief history of AI
An AI scorecard
AI in practice
Successful applications
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Primary Concepts
4
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At the moment
cognition, creativity
this possible?
what are the technical and philosophical challenges?
What is Intelligence?
7
Intelligence:
Artificial Intelligence
Types of Intelligence
8
Linguistic-verbal intelligence:
Musical intelligence:
Logical-Mathematical intelligence:
Spatial intelligence:
Typically thinks in images and pictures / Used in both arts and sciences
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Intrapersonal intelligence:
Interpersonal intelligence:
Naturalist intelligence:
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence:
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Note:
Understanding the various types of intelligence
provides theoretical foundations for recognizing
different talents and abilities in people
Signs of Intelligence
11
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perception,
natural language processing,
reasoning,
planning,
problem solving,
learning and adaptation,
etc.
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History of AI
17
1950: Turing
1956: birth of AI
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History of AI
18
DENDRAL, MYCIN
were brittle and did not scale well in practice
1995-- AI as Science
Success Stories
19
Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov
in 1997
20
Whats involved in
Intelligence?
Grand Challenge
Cash prizes ($1 to $2 million) offered to first robots to complete a long course
completely unassisted
Stimulates research in vision, robotics, planning, machine learning, reasoning, etc
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HAL
display emotions
Hal and AI
23
as an intelligent computer
are the predictions for HAL realizable with AI today?
Materials online at
http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/contents.html
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Fast hardware?
Chess-playing at grandmaster level?
Speech interaction?
speech
synthesis
speech recognition
speech understanding
Conclusion
YES: in the near future we can have computers with as many basic
processing elements as our brain, but with
far
well-defined problem
very complex: difficult for humans to play well
Deep Blue
Points Ratings
Deep Thought
Conclusion:
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Difficulties
Conclusion:
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Speech Recognition:
large vocabularies
can
Conclusion:
words
how many different interpretations are there?
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words
how many different interpretations are there?
1.
2.
3.
4.
only
in mid 90s it drove 98% of the way from Pittsburgh to San Diego without any
human assistance
some set-up: does not mean your PC can learn to forecast the
stock market or become a brain surgeon
Conclusion:
mostly NO: computers can only see certain types of objects under limited
circumstances
YES for certain constrained problems (e.g., face recognition)
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Intelligence
Computer vision
Learning
Overall:
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37
Post Office
Banks
Digital Cameras
The Web
Customer Service
Computer Games
Intelligent characters/agents
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not only must the words be translated, but their meaning also!
is this problem AI-complete?
Nonetheless....
commercial systems can do a lot of the work very well (e.g.,restricted vocabularies in
software documentation)
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Characteristics of AI
41
Symbolic Processing
Heuristics
Inferencing
Characteristics of AI (2)
42
Pattern matching
Knowledge Processing
Knowledge bases.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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Thinking humanly
47
Problems
insurance
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Thinking rationally
48
E.g., theorem-provers
Limitations
Has no way to represent goals, costs, etc (important aspects of realworld environments)
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Acting rationally
49
Decision theory/Economics
50
Two Views of AI
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Symbolic AI
51
Sub-symbolic Approach
52
bottom-up style
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Modelling an AI System
55
Perception Subsystem
Reasoning Subsystem
Action Subsystem(made of
actuators/effectors)
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Generic AI System
56
Environment
Actuators,
e.g. robot arms
Sensors,
e.g. cameras
Percepti
on
Subsyste
m
percepts
Reasonin
g
Susbsyste
m
Conclusions/
suggestions/
decisions/
strategy etc
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Action
Subsyste
m
57
AI Applications
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AI application areas
58
Game Playing
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AI application areas
59
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AI application areas
60
Expert System
AI application areas
61
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AI application areas
62
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AI application areas
63
Robotics
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AI application areas
64
Machine Learning
tree learning
Genetic algorithms
Neural networks
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Application Domains of AI
65
Military
Medicine
Industry
Entertainment
Education
Business
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Philosophy
Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system, foundations of learning, language,
rationality.
Computer engineering
Control theory
design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
Linguistics
Summary
67
AI Applications
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