In the name of Allah the Most Gracious the Most

Merciful

CE-UG-VI-2014
Spring FEB-JUN 2016

FLUID MECHANICS II (CE251)

COURSE OUTLINE

FLUID MECHANICS I (CE252)

COURSE OUTLINE
Course Title

Fluid Mechanics II

Course Code

CE 252

Credit Hrs

2+1
Theory

Practical

FLUID MECHANICS II (CE252)

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS
Distribution

Contribution in Grading

Theory

(67%)

4 x Assignments
4 x Quiz (Un
announced/Announced)
2 x One Hrs Test

05%

3.3

10%

6.6

35%

23.1

1 x Final Exam

50%

34.0

Practical

(33%)

3 x Quiz (Announced)

50%

16.5

Lab Reports

20%

6.6

Viva

30%

9.9

Learning Outcomes
Recognise the basic analytical and empirical principles

of Fluid Mechanics related to pipe flow problems.

Categorize and analyze the pipe flow problems and
formulate solutions, using the analytical and empirical
principles of Fluid Mechanics.
Recognise the principles and working of hydraulic
machines. Analyze basic open channel flow equations.
The course provides essential knowledge for the
study and solution of pipe flow problems and
natural flow phenomena in rivers, estuaries,
oceans and the atmosphere. It provides the
fundamental theory for design of pipe networks,
water retaining structures. This subject provides
the awareness of the selection of specific
hydraulic machinery for the specific requirements.

FLUID MECHANICS II (CE252)

DETAILED SYLLABUS

Lecture Plan

Prerequisites
Bernouli Equation
Energy Equation
Fluid Properties
Dimensional Analysis

Prerequisites
Bernouli Equation
Energy Equation
Fluid Properties
Continuity Equation

Prerequisites
Bernouli Equation
Energy Equation
Fluid Properties
Continuity Equation
Momentum Equation
Laws of Hydro-static

Prerequisites
Bernouli Equation
Energy Equation
Fluid Properties
Momentum Principles
Similitudes

TEXT BOOKS
J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield & L. B. Jack
Fluid Mechanics Fifth Edition
R. L. Daugherty Fluid Mechanics With Engineering
Applications
Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications by E
John Finnemoreand Joseph B Franzini. 10th Edition.
REFERENCES
Streeter, Wylie, Bedford Fluid Mechanics Ninth Edition
Dr Andrew Sleigh An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
May 2001 (School of Civil Engineering, University of
Leeds)
R E. Featherstone Civil Engineering Hydraulics Third
Edition

Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure

Conduits

Laminar flow
Viscous shears dominate in this type of flow and the

fluid appears to be moving in discreet layers. The

shear stress is governed by Newtons law of viscosity
(equation 1.1):

du

dy
In general the shear stress is almost impossible to

measure. But for laminar flow it is possible to

calculate the theoretical value for a given velocity,
fluid and the appropriate geometrical shape.
13

Turbulent flow
This is the most commonly occurring flow in engineering

practice in which fluid particles move erratically causing

instantaneous fluctuations in the velocity components.

These fluctuations cause additional shear stresses. In this

type of flow both viscous and turbulent shear stresses exists.

Thus, the shear stress in turbulent flow is a combination of

laminar and turbulent shear stresses, and can be written as:

la min ar turbulent

dU
dy

where
= dynamic viscosity
= eddy viscosity which is not a fluid property but
turbulence condition of flow.
14

depends upon

LAMINAR and
TURBULENT
For laminar flow the drop in energy due to friction varies as

V, while for turbulent flow friction varies as Vn,

n1.75 to 2
-> 1.75 (turbulent flow occurs for pipes with smooth walls)
-> 2 (as the wall roughness increases, the value of n
increases up to its maximum value of 2)
Higher Critical Point
Lower Critical Point
Velocity is not the only factor that determines whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent. The criterion is Reynolds
number
R

CRITICAL REYNOLDs
NUMBER
R = 2000

crit
If R < 2000 -> Laminar Flow
If R > 2000 -> Turbulent Flow
Though the experimenters have maintained laminar flow in

circular pipes upto values of R as high as 50,000, but the

type of flow in such cases is inherently unstable and the
least disturbance will transform it instantly into turbulent
flow
It is practically impossible for turbulent flow in a straight
pipe to persist at values of R much below 2000
The low value is thus much more definite than the higher
one and is real dividing point between the two types of flow
Lower Value -> true critical Reynolds Number

Practice
Sample Problem 8.1: In refinery oil (s= 0.85, v = 1.8 x 10 -5 m2/s)

flows through a 100 mm diameter pipe at 0.50 L/s. Is the flow laminar
or turbulent?
Ex. 8.2.1: Oil with kinematic viscosity of 0.00015 ft 2/sec is flowing

through a 3-in diameter pipe. Below which velocity will the flow be
laminar?
Ex. 8.2.2: Oil with kinematic viscosity of 0.185 St is flowing through a

150-mm diameter pipe. Below which velocity will the flow be laminar?
Ex. 8.2.3: Oil with kinematic viscosity of 0.0035 ft 2/sec is flowing

through a 4-in diameter pipe with a velocity of 15 fps. Is the flow

laminar or turbulent?

Hydraulic radius, Hydraulic

diameter
For conduits having non circular cross sections
The characteristic dimension we use is the
hydraulic radius Rh=A/P
Full Pipe Flow:
The hydraulic radius is a convenient means for

expressing the shape as well as the size of the

conduit, for the same cross sectional area, the
value of Rn will vary with the shape
Hydraulic diameter: Dh = 4Rh

Practice
Ex. 8.3.1: What is the hydraulic radius of a

12-in by 16-in rectangular air duct?

Ex 8.3.2: What is the percentage difference

between the hydraulic radii of a 300-mm

diameter duct and a 300-mm square duct?

FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN CONDUIT OF

CONSTANT CROSS SECTION

FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN CONDUIT OF

CONSTANT CROSS SECTION
Flow is steady flow
Conduit of uniform

cross section

FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN CONDUIT OF

CONSTANT CROSS SECTION
After deriving the
equation for
Dimensionless
term
Where

We can apply to any shape of smooth walled cross sectio

FRICTION IN CIRCULAR
CONDUITS
Circular Pipe

Flowing full
(Laminar or
turbulent flow)

PIPE FRICTION EQUATION

and DARCY &WEISBACH
EQUATION

FRICTION IN CIRCULAR
CONDUITS

FRICTION IN CIRCULAR
CONDUITS

FRICTION in Non circular

conduit