LAB 6

MITOSIS
&
MEIOSIS
6
AB
L
WHAT WILL HAPPEN AFTER 2
WEEKS?
WHAT IS THE NECESSITY
FOR CELL DIVISION IN
LIVING ORGANISM?
MITOSIS PERMITS GROWTH & TISSUE REPAIR.
MITOSIS REPAIRS DAMAGED TISSUE AND BONE.
 THE NECESSITY FOR CELL DIVISION IN
LIVING ORGANISM

-REPLACED THE DEAD CELL

-PRODUCE THE IDENTICAL
DAUGHTER CELLS TO THE PARENT
CELL-for repair demaged tissue
-FASTER GROWTH AND
ELONGATION OF A PLANT
-UNICELLULAR AND
MULTICELLULAR REPRODUCE
 The significance of mitosis
• nucleus contains
chromosomes- consist of DNA-
carries genes in linear
sequence
• number of chromosomes
present in the nucleus of each
cell is constant for the species.-
chromosomal number
• somatic cell have two sets of
chromosome- inherited from
each parent- 2 sets of
choromosomes- contain a
diploid number of
chromosome (2n)
•humans- consist of 23
pairs of chromosome
(2n)-46 chromosome
•two chromosomes in
each pair have the same
structural features-
homologous
chromosome.
one from paternal origin,
and one from maternal
origin.

gametes- contain only

one set of upaired
chromosomes- haploid
(n)
 the ability of existing cells to reproduce to
form new cell that identical to the parent
examples:

• new fingernails grows to replace

broken ones
CELL DIVISION • when lizard loses its tail, the new tail will
regenerate

two stages:

nuclear division cytoplasmic division

-
- mitosis
- meiosis cytokinesis
 types of cell

somatic cells reproductive cells

• refer to the cells of the body. • refer to the reproductive cells
•mitosis •meiosis
 CELL CYCLE
cell cycle- period that extends from the
time a new cell is produced until time
the cell completes a cell division

can be divided into into two major

phases: interphase and mitotic cell
division/ M phase
 S
Growth DNA
replications
Interphase
• phase for cells to grow larger and prepare for
cell division.
• during this period- nucleus is big and well
defined.
• after a suitable period of time, depending on
the type of cell and the nutrients available,
the cell starts to divide.
• divided into three shorter stages: G1,S,G2
• G1 ( gap or growth phase)
• newly formed cell enter the G1 portion of
interphase and begin acquire and synthesise
materials needed for the next phase of cell
division.
• mitochondria and chloroplast are synthesised
• the metabolic rate of the cell is high.
• chromosomes appear as thread like
structures- chromatin
 S phase ( synthesis phase)
• synthesis of DNA
• DNA undergoes
replication
• duplicated chromosome
now consist of two
identical sister
chromatids- contain
identical of
chromosome's DNA
molecule
 G2 phase (gap and grow phases)

• cell continues to grow and

remain metabolically active
during the G2 stage.
• cell accumulates energy and
completes its final preparations
for the next stage of cell division
MITOTIC STAGES
 WHAT IS MITOSIS?

•A Process in which a parent nucleus

produces 2 daughter nuclei
• Each having the same number and
kinds of chromosomes as the parent
nucleus.
 PROPHASE
• the chromosomes condensed, become shorter,
thicker & more tightly coiled
• chromosome become visible under light
microscope
• each replicated chromosome consists of two
sister chromatids held together at the centromere
• spindle fibres begin to form
• during end of prophase, centrioles separate to
the opposite poles
• the nucleolus and the nuclear membrane
breakdown
METAPHASE

• the centromeres of all the chromosomes are

lined up on the metaphase plate
• the mitotic spindle is now fully formed
• the two sister chromatids are still attached to one
another at the centromere
• metaphase ends when the centromeres divide
ANAPHASE

• the two sister chromatids of each chromosome

separate at the centromere
• the spindle fibres become shorten
• once separated, the chromatids are referred to as
daughter chromosomes
• end of anaphase, the poles of the cell have
complete and equivalent sets of chromosomes
TELOPHASE

• The two sets of chromosomes have separated &

have reached the opposite poles of the cell
• a nuclear membrane fors around each set of
daughter chromosomes
• the chromosomes uncoil and become long. Thin
chromatin threads again
• nucleolus form again in each daughter nucleus
• the spindle fibres dissapear
 CYTOKINESIS
(Division of the cytoplasm)
 • IN ANIMAL

CYTOKINESIS - occurs because the contraction of

actin
microfilaments in the middle of the
cell
- the plasma membrane to invaginate
to form
a •cleavage
IN PLANT furrow
- then, the cytoplasm is thus divided
- vesicles
to formproduced by the Golgi
two daughter cells apparatus
collect at the middle of the cell & then fuse
to
form a cell plate
- the cell plate extends outwards & joins the
existing plasma membrane
- cellulose is deposited on the outside of the
 Compare and contrast mitosis and cytokinesis in animal cell and plant cell

Animal cell Plant cell

Formation of new cell plate

•Cleavage furrowing process occurs.
between the daughter cells, which
• A band of actin filaments slowly eventually becomes new plasma
membrane between the daughter
forms a circular contraction between
cells.
the 2 daughter cells
 The effects of uncontrolled mitosis in
living things
•A common condition in which mitosis and
cell division occur at accelerated rates-
cancer.

•Cancerous cells divide freely and

uncontrollably without heeding the cell cycle
control system- cells compete with normal
cell to get nutrients and energy for growth.

•if genetic information is lost or corrupted in

that cell- genetic errors are called mutation-
Down sydrome
Genetic engineering Animal cloning

Tissue culture
The word "meiosis" comes
from the Greek verb meioun,
meaning "to make small,"

A process of reductional
division in which the number
of chromosomes per cell is
cut in half.
 Prophase I takes the most time.
Chromosomes begin to condense.
Cell is 2N (diploid) and 2
chromatids/chromosomes (like before
mitosis).
Synapsis occurs: homologous
chromosomes pair, their DNA aligns.
Crossing over may occur: chromosomes
exchange homologous loci (between
homologous pairs). The point of crossing
over is called the chiasma.
Homologous
chromosomes align at
cell equator to form
tetrads.
Chromosomes are pulled to either
side of the dividing cell; one of each
pair is pulled toward each pole.
The nuclear envelope may
form again.
Two daughter cells are formed.
Nuclear envelope disperses
Chromosomes align between poles
Chromatids segregate.
The former sister chromatids have
reached the poles. A nuclear
 
envelop is formed around each
nucleus, while chromosome
despiralize again.
After cytokinesis, four daughter
cells are formed.
 
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
Chromosome behavior
•Mitosis: Homologous chromosomes independent
•Meiosis: Homologous chromosomes pair forming
bivalents until anaphase I

Chromosome number
•Mitosis- daughter cells diploid
•Meiosis- daughter cells haploid

Genetic identity of progeny:

•Mitosis: identical to parent cell
•Meiosis: not identical to parents cell