Frequency Division

Multiplexing

By : Ronel Culibar

Figure 6.1 Dividing a link into channels

6.2

Figure 6.2 Categories of multiplexing

6.3

Figure 6.3 Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)

6.4

Note

FDM is an analog multiplexing

technique that combines analog
signals.
It uses the concept of modulation
discussed in Ch 5.
6.5

Figure 6.4 FDM process

6.6

FM

6.7

Figure 6.5 FDM demultiplexing example

6.8

Example 6.1

Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4

kHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link
with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there
are no guard bands.
Solution
Weshift(modulate)eachofthethreevoicechannelstoa
differentbandwidth,asshowninFigure6.6.Weusethe
20to24kHzbandwidthforthefirstchannel,the24to
28kHzbandwidthforthesecondchannel,andthe28to
32kHzbandwidthforthethirdone.Thenwecombine
themasshowninFigure6.6.
6.9

Figure 6.6 Example 6.1

6.10

Example 6.2

Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be

multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.
Thismeansthattherequiredbandwidthisatleast
5100+410=540kHz,
asshowninFigure6.7.
6.11

Figure 6.7 Example 6.2

6.12

Figure 6.9 Analog hierarchy

6.13

Example 6.4

The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two

bands. The first band of 824 to 849 MHz is used for
sending, and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each
user has a bandwidth of 30 kHz in each direction. How
many people can use their cellular phones
simultaneously?
Solution
Eachbandis25MHz.Ifwedivide25MHzby30kHz,we
get 833.33. In reality, the band is divided into 832
channels.Ofthese,42channelsareusedforcontrol,which
meansonly790channels areavailableforcellularphone
users.
6.14

Formation of Groups (consist of 12

channels)

To find the carrier frequency of

a channel, use the formula
Fc = 112-4n kHz
Where: n=channel number
Fc= carrier frequency

To find the output frequency band of a channel use the formula

Fout = (Fc 4kHz)
where: Fc= carrier frequency=112-4n kHz
Frequency band of a channel is from Fout to Fc

ex: find the carrier frequency of channel

3 and the output frequency band
Ans: 100kHz, 96kHz to 100kHz

1 Group= 12 Voice Channels

Total Bandwidth of 12 x 4kHz = 48Khz

Formation of
Supergroup(consist of
5 groups)
To find the carrier frequency of a
group, use the formula
Fc = 372 + 48n kHz
Where: n=group number
Fc= carrier frequency

To find the carrier and the frequency band of a group use the formula:
Fout = (fc 108kHz) to (fc-60kHz)
where: fc= carrier frequency=372+48n kHz

ex: find the carrier frequency of group

3 and the output frequency band
Ans: 516kHz, 408kHz to 456kHz

1 Supergroup= 5 Groups
Total Bandwidth of 5 x 48kHz =
240kHz

Figure 6.9 Analog hierarchy

6.23

References
Data Communications and
Networking by Forouzan 4th edition
Advanced Electronics
Communications By Wayne Tomasi