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Introduction:

In architecture and structural


engineering, a space frame or space
structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid
structure constructed from interlocking
struts in a geometric pattern. Space
frames can be used to span large areas
with few interior supports. Like the truss,
a space frame is strong because of the
inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing
loads (bending moments) are transmitted
as tension and compression loads along
the length of each strut.

In a most general way of speaking the


term space frame indicates three
dimensional structure capable of resisting
loads in different planes.

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By using computer programs, it is possible to analyze very complex space


structures with great accuracy and less time involved.

A space frame is a structure system assembled of linear elements so arranged


that forces are transferred in a three-dimensional manner.

A space frame is usually arranged in an array of single, double, or multiple


layers of intersecting members.

The space frame can be formed on either a flat or a curved surface.

Types of space frames


They are classified broadly in three categories

I. Skeleton (braced) frame work

e.g. domes, barrel vaults, double and multiplier


grids, braced plates. They
are more popular. They are innumerable
combinations and variation possible and follow
regular geometric forms.

ii. Stressed skin systems

e.g. Stressed skin folded plates, stressed skin domes


and barrel vaults,

iii. Suspended (cable or membrane) structures

e.g. Cable roofs.

San Siro stadium, Milan

The roofing Covers the entire Stadium leaving only the pitch
uncovered.

Structurally this is a grid of lattice beams 9,5 m high which rests on


the four corner towers that make a rectangle 205 by 148 m.

The overhang on the three sides is up to 45 m.

The maximum dimensions in plan are 295 by 203 m with a central


opening of 121 by 73 m which is not placed symmetrically with
respect to the sides.

Four main beams link the towers and the secondary beams cross
over each other to form meshes of 37 by 41 m.

The above mentioned main structure is entirely welded together,


partly in the Workshop, partly on the Stadium site and partly when it
has been put into place.

Around the meshes, the secondary structures (called as rafts)


supporting the translucid roof covering are hung on the underside of
the beams.

Stansted airport, London

Architecturally, however, the most important part


of the structure is the grid of steel trees .which
support the lightweight, services-free roof.

Surprisingly, the roof was erected first, providing a


weatherproof enclosure for the construction of the
concrete beneath

One proposal was to use tensioned fabric panels


which could be tuned to absorb the different
frequencies of background noise in the concourse,
but this was soon rejected on the grounds of cost.
Perforated aluminum was the next option, but also
proved to be too expensive.

The final compromise was micro perforated


triangular steel trays, filled with a white lightreflective, sound absorbing quilt.

Space frames usually utilize a multidirectional


span, and are often used to accomplish long
spans with few supports.

ADVANTAGES OF SPACE FRAME


STRUCTURES

Provides complete freedom in large span areas while providing strong


resistance and economic efficiency.

Demountable steel elements are light and easy to handle, and their
assembly is safe and time saver.

Provides column-free space, aesthetic appearances and spectacular


qualities while offering flexibility and adaptability.

Satisfying the needs of an extremely diverse range of clients demands


from municipalities to aviation, from sport halls to shopping centers for
their own specific project needs.

Consequently, space frames can be built at a lower cost.

Uses exclusive assembly methods and organized according to


structural rules depending on deadline and the requests of the work
owner.

Ensuring the rigidity of materials, make up of elements able to transmit


compression or tention forces and utilising advantage of 3-D structural
behavior.

One of the most important advantages of a space structure is its


lightweight. Most space frames are now constructed with steel or
aluminum, which decreases considerably their self-weight.

The units of space frames are usually mass produced in the factory so
that they can take full advantage of the industrialized system of
construction. Space frames can be built from simple prefabricated
units, which are often of standard size and shape. Such units can be
easily transported and rapidly assembled on site by semi-skilled labor.

Advantages of space frame


systems over conventional
systems:
Random column placement

Column-free spaces

Controlled load distribution

Design freedom

Supports almost all types of roofing

Disadvantages:

Space frames are highly statically indeterminate, and their


analysis leads to extremely tedious computation,if done by hand.

The space frame has also the problem of connecting a large


number of members in space through different angles at a single
point.

Thank you

Reference:-

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